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THE WIRE ROPE
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
/ /
BY
W. E. HIPKINS
Manac;ing Director
J. & K. Wright, LiMiTKh
Universe Works
B I k Nf I N G H A M
1896
Printed by
D. F. Tatur h Co., Ltd., Birmingham
rnvn^vA^ •« «^»?tv»««»«fc >K»»A-»
^.
^!^"".'\''
A . I ~.
THENEWYOWX
PUBLIC LI !?>;;.:•''
Illustrations.
J
Universe Works, Birmingham, in 1770
IN 1896
II
II
II
II
It
»•
II
II
Universe Works, Millwall, in 1896
47 inch circumference Coir Cable, made by J. & E. Wright, for launching
S.S. "Great Eastern**
22 inch circumference Wire Rope, made by J. & E. Wright
Wire Rope excavated from the ruins of Pompeii ...
Cross Section and External Appearance of the First Atlantic Cable,
invented and patented by J. & E. Wright
** Universe" Cabieway, Unloading Station (Fig. i)
I. -I Wrought Iron Trestle (Fig. 2) ...
Tubular n n (Fig. 3) ..
Rectangular Wood Trestle (Fig. 4)
Round Fir Pole Trestle (Fig. 5)
Side and Front Elevation of Wood Trestle (Fig. 6)
Holding-down Pulleys (Fig. 7) ...
Tilting Buckets or Skips (Fig. 8)
II II (Fig. 9)
•> M (Fig. 10)
i< M (Fig. II)
•• M (Fig. 12)
" (Fig. 13)
Automatic Grips (Fig. 14 and 15)
Plain Saddle (Fig. 16)
Permanent Clip (Fig. 17)
Weight Tension Pulleys (Fig. 18)
Screw ii II (Fig. 19)
Brake Gear, &c., for Gravity Lines (Fig. 20)
It II Detail (Fig. 21)
II
M
II
page
I
2
2A
7
8
10
I4A
I4B
14c
I4D
I4E
I4F
I4G
I4H
I4H
I4H
141
' 141
141
I4J
14K
14K
i6a
I 6a
I 6b
i6c
'*"
r«^
^ -■
x -
■'■ • vy •- .' "»
'■ , ••.•t
'• * '.^ .
, f
'/. <- .
'"' ' •"* '*■-/, <J.
52A
32B
• . . «
34
34
34
35
36
37
II
II M
PAGE
Slow Speed Transmission, Self Delivering Drum (Fig. 44) ... ... ... 38A
Grooved Driving Pulleys and Counter Pulleys (Fig. 45) 38B
Counter Pulley on Tension Carriage (Fig. 46) ... ... 38c
M II Tension Contrivance (Fig. 47) ... ... ... 380
Endless Rope Haulage, Engine with heavy fly wheel and governors (Fig. 48) ... 42A
I. .1 Engine with reversing gear (Fig. 49) ... ... ... 42A
•• M Mining Trains, Tubs and Cars (Fig. 50) ... ... 42B
•I 11 It M II (Fig. 5O ••• ••• 4^E
n (Fig. 52) ... ... 42B
•I Wood Roller with iron or steel spindle (Fig. 53) ... 44A
It It with iron flange (Fig. 54) ... ... 44A
Wrought Iron Roller with wood centre (Fig. 55) ... 44A
Cast-Iron or Steel Roller (Fig. $6) ... ... ... 44A
Narrow grooved supporting pulley (Fig. 57) ... ... 44A
«* Endless Rope " or ** Main and Tail Rope " (Fig. 58) ... 44B
tl
*< 1 *
II "' ■ "^"
II II
II
II II
II 11
II II
II It
II II
II
Main and Tail Rope Haulage, Horizontal and Sheave (Fig. 59)... ... ... 46A
Vertical End Sheave (Fig. 60) ... ... ... 46A
'•Knock off" Hooks (Fig. 61) ... ... ... 48A
Automatical n (Fig. 62) ... ... ... 48A
Tail and Branch rope couplings (Fig. 63) ... 48A
II •! Main and Tail rope supports (Fig. 64) ... ... 48B
Incline Haulage, Arrangement of roads (Fig. 65) ... ... ... ... 48B
II II Incline road (Fig. 66) . . ... ... ... ... 48B
Conductors or Guide Rods Cold knotted rod ... ... .. ... 63
Steel Cable Suspension Bridge at Trentham Park ... ... ... ... 67
Solid Box Capples ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 75
Reel for Hawsers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79
Winch h ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 79
Patent Nippers for Hawsers ... ... ... ... ... 79
Contents.
PAGE
1 KEFACB ... ... ... ... ... ••■ ••• ••• ••• J
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
First Biblical reference to rope — Coir Cable, 47 inches circumference, made by ^ & E.
VVricht for launching the s.s. "Great Eastern*' ... ... ... ... 5
Carving found in Assyria 3,000 years old shewing a rope and pulley block — Rope and
pulley block were used by the Egyptians thousands of years ago — Wire beating
practised by the Assyrians — Wire rope, 22 inches circumference made by
J. & E. Wric.ht — Earliest recorded use of Wire Rope for engineering purposes —
The Duke of Wellington's Rope Bridge in Spain ... ... ... ... 6
Twisted Wire Rope in use eighteen centuries ago — Piece of Wire Rope excavated
at Pompeii .. .. ... ... ... ... •.• 9
First Atlantic Cable was invented and patented ly J. & E. W^right— Full particulars
of construction, sire, weight, etc., of s.ime ... ... ... ... ... 10
Various qualities of Steel W^ire are used for Wire Ropes ... ... ... ... il
AERIAL CABLEWAYS.
Aerial Wire Transportation efficient and economical— No difficulties which cannot be
overcome — Now used by Railway Companies, Manufacturers, Ship Owners, Mine
Owners, Builders, Ironmongers, etc. ... ... ... ... 13
Aerial Cable ways are used for conveyance of passengers at Gibraltar, Hong Kong, and
other places ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 14
The ** Universe" System. Endless rope run continuously — Rope varies in strength
and is driven by a motor— Supports or standards ... ... ... ... 14
Grooved carrying pulleys — Holding down pulleys — Tilting Buckets or Skips— Wright's
Registered Automatic Grips— Saddles— Gravity Lines — Detaching the carriers
from the rope — Weight carried ... ... ... ... ... ... 15
Speed — Permanent clips— Can Ik* used for transmitting Power— Tension Pulley— Brake 16
Driving from a motor— Angle stations ... ... ... ... ... ... 17
PAGB
Stationary or Double Cable System. Adapted for carrying passengers as well as
goods — Consists of two parallel stationary cables — Speed — Size of cables —
Stonework foundation at one end — Tension weight at the other end ... ... 21
Carrying pulleys — Working tension on rope — Standards — Their distance apart — Worked
by Gravity Line or motors — Wright's Registered Friciion Grippers— Adjustable
lugs — This system independent of irregularities in surface of ground — Cirriages
for passengers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22
Automatic Gripper for Traction Rope — Lug Catches for steep inclines ... ... 22B
Speed — Cost of transport... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23
Fixed Single Cable System. Specially suitable for Works, Mills, Warehouses, etc.—
Single fixed carrying cable and endless traction rope — Turnouts ... ... 23
WIRE ROPE DRIVING.
Three conditions under which Wire Rope is the most effective and most economical
method of transmitting power ... ... ... ... ... ... 25
High Speed Transmission. Many difficulties in transmitting power overcome by
rope driving only ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 25
Particulars of a Wire Rope installation recently erected by J. & E. Wright, Ltd.,
Birmingham — The principles underlying the system ... ... ... 26
Speed — Advantages of wire rope driving- Construction of the ropes — Diameter of drums 27
Class of wire used — The wires subject to three tensions — Ratios between diameter of the
ropes and that of the pulleys ... ... ... ... ... ... 28
Table shewing Horse Power transmitted — Rule to ascertain this — Lower half of rope
the leading or driving side ... ... ... ... ... ... 29
Deflection — Minimum and maximum span — Carrying sheaves... ... ... ... 30
Length of axle or shaft between bearings — Intermediate stations for long drives — Tension
pulleys— Horizontal distance between drum centres should be taken — Wire rope
not suitable for absolute vertical driving — Straight line int allation requires all
pulleys to be same vertical plane ... ... ... ... ... ... 31
Horizontal angle pulleys — Bevel wheeb — Driving Drum— The ropes — Broken wires ... 32
PAGE
Dressing — Galvanised rope not used for driving purposes— Care in uncoiling ropes ... ^j
Splicing — Full instructions how to splice a wire rope ... ... ... .. 33 to 38
Slow Speed Transmission. For very long transmissions, and when it is required to
take off power at intermediate points the Endless Haulage is adopted ... 38
Large rigid ropes used at slow speed under high tension — Self-delivering Drum — (irooved
pulleys and counter -pulleys — Tension in slack side adjusted — Smjill sheaves for
carrying rope — The sizes <»f pulleys required to suit various constructions of
ropes — Small rollers to ensure true curve ... ... ... ... ... 39
Rule lor calculating Horse Power transmitted by this system — Engines for driving ... 40
UNDERGROUND HAULAGE.
Advantages of wire rope for underground haulage ... ... ... ... ... 41
(No. i). Endle.ss Rope Haula(;e. What the system signifies— Endless ro|x,' moving
in one direction ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... 41
Variations in load counteracted by fly wheel and governors on engine — Rope worked both
ways by engine with reversing gear— Speed of Rope — Self-delivering drum —
Grooved and counter pulleys for necessary grip— Patent Clip Pulley — Tension
arrangement — The syslem used on single or double tracks— Trams, tubs or cars 42
Self-lubricating wheel — Attachment of trams to rope- Methods for working auxiliary
roads — Driving Force Pump — Various kinds of rollers for supporting rope ... 43
44
Rollers recjuire attention or injure rope— *' Solid Oil" for rollers — Self-lubricating rollers
Rope carried on the top of trams — Extension worked by motors — The great features
of the Endless Rope system— Output readily increased ... ... ... 45
(No. 2). Main and Tail Rope HAriAciE. Two separate ropes used ... ... 45
The working cost higher under this system — Tubs are placed in a ** Set " or "Journey *' —
Speed — It is an intermittent s)stem of delivery — The system suits where there
are a number of side roads or workings — Two drums required ... ... 46
The out-bye and in-bye trips — Rollers (or tail and main ropes — (luide rollers fixed to
roof timbers — Mode of working the main and tail ropes— Branches from main
line — Knock off hooks ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47
PAGE
Couplings, etc. — Making the change in the ropes — Molincaiioa of the system in which
an endless rope is reversed as required ... ... ... ... ... 48
(No. 3). Incline Haulage. Incline in favour or against load — Brake for head gear —
"Water Balance'* tank ... ... ... ... ... ... 48
** Water Balance" hoist —Arrangement of roads— Passing place or loop ... ... 49
** Bob-plane " arrangement — Modification of the balance-plane for a series of working
roads — Fan brake or governor — Stresses on Incline Ropes ... ... ... 50
ROPE.
Construction of ropes (number of strands, wires, etc.) — Hemp cores- Wright's Internally
Self-Oiling Ropes— Ratio of length of lay of wires and strands to diameter of
vl« UUl •■• *•« ••• ••■ «•• ••• ••• •■■ >■• T m
Lang lay principle —Seven stranded ropes — Life or duration of a rope ... ... 52
Quality and temper of wire — Uniformity obtained by Tensile and Torsion tests ... 53
Necessary information when ordering a rope — Dressing to prevent deterioration ... 54
Re-capping ropes periodically — Rope not to be overworked ... ... .. ... 55
Pulleys should be of large size — Ropes for long parallel barrels — Shaped wires to lock
into each other not recommended ... ... ... ... ... ... 56
Table of Inclines showing stress on ropes ... ... ... ... ... .» 57
Shaped wire strands unsatisfactory — Uncoiling ropes— Storing of wire ropes — Changing
rope from one drum to another — Carrying wheels should l)e in same vertical plane 58
WIRE ROPES FOR CRANES.
Wire Crane Ropes pive greater security than chains — (live ample warning if bee )niing
weakened— Are lighter in weight, strength for strength than chains — ** Specially
Flexible Compound" for cranes, derricks, capstans, etc. ... ... ... 59
WIRE ROPES FOR LIFTS.
More reliable lifting medium than chain ... ... ... ... ... ... 59
Two to four ropes used — Avoid kinking rope — Make of ro,)e should be nicely adjusted
to die of the wheels, etc. ... ... ... ., ... ... 60
PAGE
CONDUCTORS OR GUIDE RODS.
Best Conductor is a suspended rod — Rigid Conductors to be avoided — Cold Drawn Steel
Rods are the best — Rolled Rods liable to crack in use — Drawing a rod of itself
a severe test of quality ...
Number of rods in a conductor — Should be weighted in guide pits at bottom of shaft
one ton to every 250 yards of conductor — Numl)er of guide rods for each cage —
Sizes and weights of conductors ...
STEEL CABLE SUSPENSION BRIDGE.
Applicable for spanning Railway Lines, Roads, Rivers, Valleys, etc. — Light and elegant
yet strong— Mode of construction ...
Weight of load capable of bearing — Standard width of footway — length of bridge —
Being light most suitable for Export
TABLES.
61
62
65
66
Table shewing Horse Power transmitted by wire ropes
Table of Inclines showing the Stress on the rope ...
Sizes and weight of Conductors
Wright's Registered Breaking Strains of Mining Wire Ropes...
Diameters and corresponding circumferences
Size, Weights and Breaking Strains of Flat Ropes ...
Working Loads of Winding Ropes
Breaking Strains and Weights of Crane Ropes
Imperial Standard Wire Gauge and equivalents of an inch ...
Sizes, Weights, lengths and Breaking Strains of Iron Wire ...
Galvanized Wire Strand ...
Weights and Breaking Strains of Patent Galvanised Steel Wire Hawsers
Lloyds' rccjuirements for Steel Wire Cables and Hawsers
Tensile Breaking Strains and weights of chains
Working loads of Copper Cords, Steel Wire Cord, Picture Cord, etc.
29
57
62
70 and 71
72
73
73
74
n
77
77
78
79
80
81
THE WIRE ROPE AND ITS
APPLICATIONS.
In publishing this treatise on the Wire Rope and its
applications the writer has endeavoured by ^ivin^ ^^eneral
explanations combined with a series of illustrations to make
the subject of interest to the [general reader, and of practical
utility to those requiring ropes for Transmission of l^)wer.
Hoisting. Hauling, Tramways, Aerial Cableways, and I'nder-
j^round Haula^^e, either by the " Kndless Rope" or the *' Main
and Tail Rope " s\'stems.
5
Historical Sketch.
JTFHE invention of Rope rendered possible the subjugation of the air for
purposes of transport. Its history dates back for some thcjusands
of years and is lost in the darkness of pre-historic times.
The first direct reference to rope in the Bible occurs in the
i6th chapter and 12th verse of the Book of Judges where we are
informed that the fair Delilah bound Samson with ropes. But from
the facility with which the latter broke his bonds it may be assumed
they were not made upon the most approved modern principles. From
such old-world ropes to those of recent manufacture there is a wide
step. Powerful machinery has superseded the old hand spinning, and
made it possible to produce ropes of enormous bulk and strength.
The accompanying illustration is from a photograph of a piece of the
Coir Cable manufactured by J. & E. Wright, and used in launching
the Great Eastern Steamship. It was 47 inches in circumference, was
composed of four strands, and contained no less than }J^o xariis ; it
is one of the largest ropes ever produced.
That the ancients, however, were well acquainted not onl\' with
the manufacture of roj>es but with mechanical appliance^* b\' which
their utility could be increased is illustrated by an interesting discovery
made by the late Sir A. H. L.vv.aud during his excavations in
Assyria. In what he distinguishes as the most ancient or north-west
5
i Palace at Nimroud he unearthed a slab on which was a bas-relief
i '
'i representing the siege of a castle with a warrior in the act of cutting
I a ro[)e to which was attached a bucket, and which ran through a i
pulley-block thus enabling the besieged to draw water from an exmural
well. This carving was executed about 3,000 years ago.
The pulley-block and rope were also used by the Eg>'ptians ;
a set ma\' be seen in the Leyden Museum having the sheave of
firwood and the block of tamarisk wood, while the rofje is twisted
from the fibres of the date tree.
These ancient rojjcs were all made of vegetable fibres and although
wirr beating was practised among the Assyrians there is no evidence
to show that wire was appli(xl to rope making until more recent times.
The accompainiiig is from a photograph of a piece of a wire rope
measuring 22 inches in circumference made b\' J. & K. WklOHT for
a foreign government. It contains y}^2 galvanised wires '144 of an
inch diameter, and is composed of twelve strands laid spirally round a
tarred hemp heart. The breaking strain of this rope was 911*73 Tons.
The earliest recorded use of Wire Ropes for engineering purposes
has reference to a suspension bridge erected at (iene\a in 1822.*
The wires, however, were not twisted together to form the Rope but
were laid together parallel and served or bound spirally with fine wire.
* The following extract from Stanhoi*f/s ** Conversations with the DuKK OK
WKi,i.iN<;roN " is worthy of note; it of course has reference to Hemp Ko|x»s : —
'*The Duke believes that the Hrst invention of 8us)>ension bridges was by the
'* engineers of hi.s army in Spain at Trajan's Bridge of Alcantara. Necessity was in this
** case, as in many others, the |>arent of invention : for the arch of the bridge having
*' been blown u|), and there l)cing no timlx^r in the neighbourhoo<l sufficient to repair
**it, the engineers in this strait lK*tbought themselves of suspension ropes to be kept
*' tight by a windlas.*. The a)){)jratus answered so well that it henceforth was alwajrs
** carried alx>ut with the army for similar cases."
Rope composed of twisted wires does not appear to have been
used in latter times for commercial purposes until about 1832 to 1837,
and was apparently first adopted in Germany, although an Hlnglishman
claims to have made it in 1832. There is, however, some confusion
as to dates and persons claiming the invention, which may be accounted
for by the fact that the Twisted Wire Rope was actually made and
in use eighteen centuries ago.
As this fact is not generally known we wish to record that
there exists to-day in the Musio Borbonico at Naples a piece of
Wire Rope excavated from the buried city of Pompeii.
The piece in question is 4^ metres long and has a circumference
of about an inch. It is composed of three strands laid spirally together,
each strand having fifteen wires also twisted together. The wires are
of Bronze.
Unfortunately no record was made of the exact position in
Pompeii where the rope was unearthed so it is useless to speculate
as to the probable purpose to which it was applied by the Romans, but
after this discovery there is no reason to doubt that Wire Ropes ma\'
have been in use before the Christian era, and further cxcaNations
will probably bring to light more evidence on the subject. Perhaps
Aerial Transportation was in vogue on the banks of father Tiber.
We are indebted for the accompanying photograph of the
Pompeiian rofje to the kind services of the Director of the Birmingham
Art Galler>', Mr. Whitworth Wallis, who has devoted so much
attention to everything appertaining to the buried city of Pompeii.
iss
i
• ^
The
manufacture of Wire
Rope
made
rapid
strides
afte
its
commercial
value" became generall)
recf^nised,
and
n I8S7
the
first 1
attempt to
span the Atlantic ocean
with
a cable ^vas
made.
This
and '
succeeding elTort.s, however, failed, and it was not imtil 1865-1866 that a
cable was manufactured of sufficient strength, resistance, etc., to enable
the great design to be successfully carried out. This cable was invented
and patented by John .and l-jmix WRli;in'. The Directors of the
Atlantic Telegraph Company having appointed Capt. DoutJL.AS GalTox,
R.E., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., F.R.S. ; Wll.l.lAM F.mkhaikn, K.sq., C.E., F.R.S. :
Chaklks VVhkatst(jnk, Ksq., F.R.S. ; William Thomson, Esq..
L.L.D., F.R.S., and Joski'H WiinwoRTiL Ksq., C.E.. F.R.S., to act as
a Scientific Ciiiiimittec to arhisc them upon the cable to be used,
these experts, after cxaniinatimi of all the S[jccimens submitted to
Compan)', uiimihiioiiily ira>iiiiii,-n,/,->l -that John & EnwiN Wkiuht's
Patent Compound Hemp and V\'irc Cable be adopted."
The following brief description of this first Atlantic Cable
ma>- be of interest :—
CROSS SECTION AND EXTRHNAL APPEARANCE.
CONDUC'IOK— Cop|ier strand, consisiing of seven wires (six laid lound one),
and weighing 303 lbs. per nautical mile, enil)edded for solidity
in Chattlr ton's Compound. Gauge of single wire '048.
Gauge of strand '144.
II
INSULATION.— Gutta Percha, four layers of which were laid on alternately
with four thin layers of Chaitkrton's Compound. The
weight of the entire insulation 400 lbs. per nautical mile.
Circumference of core i'392.
EXTERNAL PROTEC ITON.— Ten solid wires of the gauge 095 of Galvanized
Homogeneous Iron, each wire surrounded separately with five
strands of Manila Yarn, saturated with a preservative compound,
and the whole laid spirally round the core, which latter was
padded with ordinary hemp, saturated with preservative mixture.
WEIGHT IN AIR. — 35 cwt, 3 qrs. per nautical mile.
WEKiHT IN WATER. — 14 cwt. per nautical mile, or equal to eleven times
its weight in water per knot ; that is to say, it wouUl bear
its own weight in eleven miles depth of water.
BREAKING STRAIN.— 7 tons, 15 cwts.
DEEPEST WATER ENCOUNTERED, 2,400 fathoms, or less than 2>4 nautical
miles in depth.
THE CONTRACT STRAIN was equal to eleven times its weight' per nautical
mile in water.
ONE KNOT, being in fathoms= 1,014 x 11 =ii|^Ji =4*64 times the strength
requisite for the deepest water.
LEN(;TH of CABLE SHIPPED, 2,300 nautical miles.
Wire Ropes were originally made from Best \'orkshire. Charcoal
or other iron wire, but since the introduction of Steel Wire the\' have
been made almost exclusiveh^ of this material owini^ to its i/reater
tensile strength.
The qualities var}- considerabh' — from 40 to 45 tons per scjuare
inch of sectional area for Homogeneous Steel ; from 60 to 95 tons
for Patent Improved Crucible Steel and from 100 to 120 tons for
Wright's Plough Steel.
\
11
12
In the succeeding chapters the various applications and conditions
under which the Wire Rope may be employed are treated separately
and in broad detail, and the usual practice and general rules under
which each system or application is worked are shortly explained.
It has, however, been impossible for us to go into so much detail
as we should prefer owing to the fact that almost every case in
actual practice has particular conditions and circumstances which have
to be worked out. In dealing with new proposals we always consider
the peculiarities of each individual case, and when necessary make
special designs and arrangements to meet any unusual requirements
that may be entailed.
•^SC^XXG/^
12
Aerial Cableways.
FOR THE READY TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS
IN ALL SITUATIONS.
] I [ H E proved efficiency and economy of Aerial Wire Rope Transportation
in countries where the irregularity of the land renders surface haulage
impracticable, are leading to its adoption in situations equally favourable
to other systems as being lower in initial cost, maintenance, and working.
There are practically no difficulties presented by natural formations which
cannot be overcome by the Wire Rope ; roads, rivers, ravines are spanned,
precipices climbed, and mountain tops connected without bridges, or
embankments with comparatively little trouble and cost. Distant
points are, so to speak, brought together and materials automatically
deposited at the exact spots required. The capital outlay for erecting
a Cableway is minimised by the fact that little land is needed and that
the cost varies directly with the requirements. It must also be borne in
mind that in the event of the line being no longer required it can be
removed to other situations without difficult)', and, therefore, need not be
regarded as dead outlay. Cableways will continue to work unobstructed
by climatic conditions which bring surface haulage to a standstill.
The practical value of the Cableway as a method of transportation
is now recognised by Raikvay Companies as feeders to their main lines ;
by Manufacturers who by this means convey their materials to different
parts of their works ; by Ship Owners for loading and unloading their
X
>3
cargoes ; by Mine Owners who thus carry their ore through the air ; by
Builders who thereby convey their bricks and materials to the desired
points ; by Iron Masters for the transjx)rtation of their raw and finished
materials ; in fact there is hardly a trade or a works where a Cableway
would not prove a convenience and an economy. Aerial Cableways
are also used for the conveyance of passengers and of operatives to
and from their work as may be seen at Gibraltar, Hong Kong, and
other places.
We propose, therefore, to give a brief description with illustrations
of the leading systems of Aerial Wire Rope Transportation which we
have endeavoured to make as free from technicalities as possible and yet
sufficiently clear to enable our readers to grasp the principles involved
with a probable view of applying them to their own requirements.
THE "UNIVERSE" SYSTEM.
This system consists of an endless rope which runs continuously
between two points or stations which it is desired to connect for transport
purposes; a general view is given at Fig. i.
The rope varies in strength according to the length of the span
and the individual weight of the loads it is required to transmit, and is
driven by a motor situated at either of the extreme stations, or in the
case of long lines, at the centre as will be described below.
The rope is kept in position by supports or standards situated
at distances of 70 to 120 feet apart and are preferably of iron,
14
<«■ './
ON8.
M
•. L.''' '
Side Elevation
Front Elevation.
This figure shows a strong form of wood trestle of the four post type
suitabie for use In valleys, &c.
Fig. 6.
1 1
J
, T:LJk
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see Figs. 2 and 3, but in situations where the carriage of iron supports
would be considerable and wood is plentiful the latter may be used,
see Figs. 4, 5 & 6.
One or more deep grooved carrying pulleys are fixed to the feed
and return side of each standard on which the rope travels : under some
conditions holding-down pulleys are also used, thus enabling the rope to
conform somewhat to a dip too wide to be spanned without supports,
which latter are necessarily limited in height as in Fig. 7.
The " Universe " system is worked with tilting buckets or skips
Figs. 8 & 9, which are removable at the stations, and attached to the
cable by Wright's Registered Automatic Grips as shown at Figs. 14 & 15,
or by saddles merely resting upon the rope Fig. 16. The buckets may
also be made detachable from their carriers so that they may be removed
if desired at the loading terminal and led away on trolleys to the working
points of the mine. With the plain saddle a steep gradient should not
be attempted or the saddle may slip, but our Registered Automatic Grip
can be used on any reasonable gradient and is consequently applicable
to Gravity Lines.
To the side of the grips or saddles are attached small grooved
wheels which strike rails placed at the terminals in such a manner as to
detach the carriers from the rope by their own momentum. At the same
time the grips are automatically released.
The buckets or skips are constructed to carr\' from 56 to about
600 lbs. weight or more if necessary, and are of a form adapted to the
material to be carried see Figs. 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13 ; in fact there is no
15
limit to the adaptability of these skips. The cable can be run at a
speed of about four miles per hour, and the delivery made as frequently as
may be required, carr>'ing from 25 tons to 350 tons per day.
There is yet another form of attaching the skips to the cable
suitable for steep gradients as i in 2)^, and where frequent delivery is
not required. This is by means of permanent clips as shown in Fig. 17.
These skips are of course not detachable at the terminals but are made
to dump automatically from the bottom. Both the loading amd emptying
operations are done while the skips are in motion as otherwise the whole
system would be stopped ; it therefore follows that the speed of transit must be
comparatively slow when permanent clips are used, about two miles per hour.
An advantage of the " Universe " system is that in some gravity
lines when loose skips are used it can be employed for Transmitting
Power while doing its ordinary work, for instance driving Ore Crushers
or other machines.
A Tension Pulley round which the rope passes should be fixed
at one of the terminals. This Pulley is sometimes operated by a screw
which allows its position to be altered so as to obtain the necessary tension
on the rope. Fig. 19, but it is preferably fixed to a movable carriage to which
is attached a counter-weight as shown at Fig. 18, which renders the tension
self-adjusting. The framework may be of wood or iron. In situations
where the fall is in favour of the loaded skips and exceeds one-seventh of
the horizontal span, this system can be worked by gravity, the full skips
drawing up the empty ones. These lines are controlled by a suitable
Brake attached to the terminal pulley as shown at Figs. 20 & 21.
16
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Where a line for different reasons cannot be worked by gravity a motor must
be provided which operates the driving drum and may be either a steam,
gas, oil, or compressed-air engine, or gins worked by horses, mules, or
coolies according to the circumstances of the case, see Figs. 22 & 23.
The rope may be driven from the motor by being coiled several times
round an ordinary rope-drum or preferably by a grip pulley as illustrated
at Fig. 24.
To avoid obstacles it is frequently necessary to divert the direction
of the line ; this is done by arranging angle stations with turnouts for
the loads, which will be understood by consulting Fig. 25.
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STATIONARY OR DOUBLE-CABLE SYSTEM.
Under conditions where the length of span, the weight of the
individual load, the steepness of the gradient or the speed of transit is too
great for the preceding system the Double-Cable system is recommended.
The principle of this line adapts itself particularly to the carrying of
passengers as well as goods owing to the greater steadiness and higher
speed of the cars.
It consists of two parallel stationary cables along which the
carriages are drawn in opposite directions by a lighter and endless
flexible traction-rope which ensures a regular return of the empty
carriages, see Fig. 26.
With this system the cars can be run up to a speed of fifteen
miles per hour, it can be worked at almost any gradient and has been
made to carry individual loads up to 20 cwts.
The cable upon which the return or empty cars run is usually lighter
than the other, and on a long line the cable carrying the loaded carriages
may vary in diameter with the varying gradients and spans, being
strongest at points subject to particularly heavy wear or stress, such as the
head of a long or steep incline where it has to bear its own weight in
addition to the working load, thus enabling econom\' to be studied at ever)-
point. These cables are firmly imbedded in a stonework foundation at
the one end, and at the other is attached a weight equal to one-sixth
of the breaking strain of the cable, ensuring the required tension ; this
arrangement prevents accidents from contraction under climatic changes.
21
lO
The traction rope needs few carrying pulleys en route as it is
supported by the cars themselves and maintained at a proper tension
by passing round a pulley fixed to a movable carriage similar to that
shown at Fig. i8. The working tension on this rope, which is made of
best selected steel and of a special construction, should not exceed
one-tenth of its breaking strain.
The standards are, with very little variation, the same as in the
" Universe *' system, see Fig. 27. They are distanced in accordance with
the stress which the contour of the ground throws upon the cable, but
should not exceed 200 feet except in special cases such as crossing gorges,
etc., when as much as 1600 feet have been allowed.
This system under some conditions can also be worked as a
** gravity" line, or with motors as described at page 5. The carriages
are attached to the traction-rope by Wright's Registered Friction Grippers
Fig. 28, or on very steep grades over i in 3 by a series of adjustable
lugs fastened upon the traction rope and which lock with a lug-catch
shown at Fig. 29.
The Stationary or Double-Cable system is partially independent
of irregularities in the surface of the ground as will be understood on
reference to Fig. 30, showing a ver>' varying profile which is not followed
by the rope-line.
The carriages are of divers construction to suit the kind of
material to be carried, or for passengers, and are made to convey loads
up to 20 cwt. A few designs are shown at Figs. 31, 32, 33, 34.
22
' ■ • I r • . . . -
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DOUBLE CABLE SYSTEM
Automatic Grippep for Traction Rope, Fig. 28.
This arrangement consists of a spHt cone A wliicli works in a taper sleeve and
is dra'vn together by the action of ihe screw in boss of lever B. Tliis lever
is moved automatically at the terminals by the curved deflection bars C C
which raise or lower it as required, thus releasing or gripping the Traction Rope,
DOUBLE CABLE SYSTEM.
Lug Catch for Steep Inclines, Rg. 29.
The carrier is automatically disengaged at the Terminals by the Fingers A
being lifted by means of lifting bars B Uius allowing the Rope to remove itself.
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The speed at which the cars can be driven will of course vary
with the difficulties of the route, but a higher speed can be attained than
is possible on the "Universe" system, in some instances, as already stated
fifteen miles per hour being run and as much as 2,000 tons of minerals
carried per ten hours.
It is not possible to give here the cost of transport by this system
which necessarily varies in accordance with the capital outlay, class and
quantity of materials to be carried and price of labour in the locality,
but we will be glad to forward estimates on receipt of the particulars
enumerated on perforated slip at page 8.
FIXED SINGLE CABLE SYSTEM.
This system is designed for very small requirements and is specially
suitable for Works, Mills, Warehouses, etc., where material is required to
be periodically delivered to certain points.
The single carrying cable is a fixture and the traction rope endless.
If it is desired to run cars in opposite directions simultaneously suitable
turnouts are provided at fixed intervals which allow the cars to pass
each other.
Estimates for an installation by this system will be forwarded on
receipt of full particulars and plan, or if in England, we shall be pleased
to attend in order to get out the details and advise generally for a small
fee which however will not be charged if the contract is placed with us.
23
Wire Rope Driving.
rnHERE are three conditions under which the Wire Rope is the
most effective and at the same time the most economical
method of transmitting power.
A. For driving in works and factories where exposure to
weather is unavoidable, and when corners have to be
turned and the horizontal plane varied, which may be
accomplished with the same rope, thus avoiding spur
wheels, band, and extra shafting.
B. For long distance driving, up to several miles.
C. For the sub-division to different consumers of the power
generated for economical purposes at a central station.
When it becomes generally recognised that enormous
economies are effected by monodynamic production
every industrial centre will devise some method of thus
generating force, and it is only by means of the Wire
Rope that its sub-division can be effected upon a
commercial basis.
HIGH SPEED TRANSMISSION.
In many instances diflRculties present themselves in transmitting
power which can be overcome by rope driving only ; some of these
may be understood by reference to Fig. 35, which represents a
25
Wire Rope installation recently erected by us in a manufactory near
Birmingham. From the main shaft in the engine house an endless
Wire Rope Ai runs across the yard to a pulley B driving the line
shaft in the Turning shop. On its way it is deflected 140 degrees
by an angle sheave C fixed on the chimney stack, and is again diverted
into a line parallel to its original direction by an angle sheave D at
the corner of the Turning shop. From the pulley B, which has a
double groove, a second endless Wire Rope A2 is run, making at
K an angle of 135 degrees, in order to drive the shafting in the
Polishing Mill by means of the pulley F.
Another endless rope system G connects the main shaft in the
engine house with the Fitting Shop along which a shaft J is driven
for the heavy machines, the bevel wheels at H driving the shaft K
for the lighter machines.
The following are the principles underlying this system of
Wire Rope transmission of power : —
A. In executing mechanical work Power may be converted into
Velocity and vice versA.
/>. The work done in a given time equals the resistance
overcome multiplied by the distance through which the
resistance is overcome. For instance if a wire rope of
one-half inch area travelling at a velocity of two feet
per second overcome say a resistance of 4,ocxD pounds,
the work done will be equal to 8,000 foot-pounds per
second. By increasing the velocity the work done
z
26
» I H ■'. .^ •:. V
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ASTO>» LtNOX AND
increases pro ratd^ the initial force remaining unaltered ;
or the amount of work done may remain unaltered by
decreasing the initial force in proportion as the velocity
increases. So, if the wire rope be equal in its intensity
of tension to 4,000 pounds, by doubling the velocity
the same amount of work will be done by a i?ope of
one-half its sectional area.
It will now be understood that by running the rope at a speed
of 80 feet per second, its sectional area could be reduced to 0125
of an inch, equal to a tension of 100 pounds, while the same amount
of work would be accomplished.
One advantage of wire rope driving, then, is the facility with
which power can be converted into velocity and reconverted into power
at the required point with very little loss through friction. This
cannot be said of transmission by shafting where the diminution of
the initial power by friction, vibration, etc., is very great, it having
been estimated, apart from the excessive cost and attention, that in
a properly hung shaft one mile long half the initial power would be
lost in the effort to move it.
Construction. Ropes are of different constructions; the most suitable
for driving purposes are made of six strands of seven wires each as
they contain larger sized wires than the more flexible ropes, thus
presenting a greater wearing surface. Below we give the diameters
of the drums best adapted to this construction. Where it is not
convcfnient to use such large drums, ropes of greater flexibility.
27
containing twelve or nineteen wires per strand, should be employed.
Results will depend in no small degree upon the class of wire used
in the manufacture of the rope. It should possess a high torsional
efficiency to allow of its adapting itself to sudden curves, while its
wear-resisting properties must not be sacrificed. Our great experience
in this branch of engineering has enabled us to select a wire having
these qualifications and known as WRIGHT'S " UNIVERSE '' brand.
The wires composing the driving rope are subject to three tensions : —
A. That due to the power transmitted + the friction and
weight of rope, called the direct Tension.
B. That due to bending over the pulleys, called the Bending
Tension.
C. The Centrifugal Tension.
Now the sum of the intensity of these three tensions must not equal
the limit of elasticity of the wires, and as the bending tension may
be decreased in favour of the working tension it is important to fix a
suitable ratio between the diameter of the rope and that of the pulley
which will yield the greatest working tension without increasing the sag
in the following side to the point at which it would cause slipping
over the pulley, or overstraining the wires under bending tension.
These ratios are for ropes of
6 strands of 7 wires i" diameter : 150"
6 „ 12 „ i" „ : 115"
6 „ 19 » i" „ •• 90"
as per the following table.
28
5
Table showing the Horse Power transmitted by six stranded wire
ropes of 7, 12 and 19 wires per strand, running at velocities of 20
to 80 feet per second, with size of driving wheels.
Minimum Diameter
DlA.OK
in inches of
Driving Wheel for
Velocity in
FEET PER SKCOM).
ROPE
ROPES OF
^'7 , <^/.2 ' ^/i9
IN
INCHES
i
20 '
30
40
50!
^ER TRv^
60
70
80
HORSK l-OV
lNSMITTEI)
^
1
37
4
6
8
10
1
12 14
16
^^6
47 ; 36
6
I
9
12
'5
18 21
24
H
56
43
34
' 9
13
17
22
26
31
35
,"16
66
50 ! 39
12
18
24
30
36
42
47
^
75
57 ' 45
16
23
3'
39
47
54
62
?.6
84 : 65 56
1 1
: 20
1
29
39
49
59
69
7«
5^
94
72 62
24
36
48
61
73
«5
97
"/I6
103
78 ■ 68
29
44
t
59
73
88
'03
117
%
1
112
86 79
35
■ 52
70
«7
105
122
140
%
loi 90
48
7J
95
119
142
166
190
1
115 lOI
i
' 62
93
124
•55
1
186
217
248
1
Rule: H = D^ 31 V.
H = Horse Power.
D = Diameter of Rope.
V = Velocity in feet per second.
It is advisable to make the lower half of the rope the leading
or driving side, as in work this half is at greater tension and will
require less space for the sag, while the deflection in the following
side will by this arrangement be utilised upon the pulleys.
29
This deflection is a very important point in rope driving as
regulating the required tension and may be pre-determined by the
following equation : —
H = the deflection when at rest in feet
S = the span between the centres of suspension in feet.
H = 0000695 S*'
It will be understood from above that in practice there is a
minimum and a maximum span in wire rope driving. The minimum
when the necessary deflection is too small to be regulated by splicing ;
the maximum when it is so great as to allow the rope to come into
contact with underlying objects. Although in the case of the former
tension pulleys are adopted, it is found that wire rope driving is not
satisfactory under a sixty foot span.
When in work the tension on the lower or driving side of the
rope causes it to rise, while the sag in the upper half correspondingly
increases. It therefore follows that the limit of span is that which
demands a deflection in the following side causing it, when in motion,
to approach the leading half to within about twenty-four inches.
This remark, of course, does not apply to instances where the drive
runs from one elevated point to another, such as across a ravine,
where the upper half of the rope may be made the driver.
In ordinary long spans exceeding 400 feet the rope may be
supported on carrying sheaves when necessary. The driving side
requiring half the number of sheaves that may be found requisite
for the following side. Fig. 36. For ^ inch diameter ropes and
30
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I.
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♦ 'STOt le.NOX A\D "
under, these sheaves should be as large for the driving side as the
driving drum in order to minimise the bending stress ; for the following
side they may be half the size. Fig. 37 gives one of these carrying
sheaves supported on a wooden frame ; Fig. 38 shows the same on an
iron frame. The length of the axle or shaft should not be less
between the bearings than the radius of the sheave.
In case of long drives under the High Speed Syst(!m, it is
preferable to adopt intermediate stations equi-distant from one another,
each in turn serving as the driver for another rope. A ready-spliced
spare rope may then be kept on hand and applied as required to
either span. Fig. 39 gives an intermediate station drum showing the
double pulley arrangement for driving the next section.
Where the driving and driven drums ar^ not on the same
horizontal plane the tensions will be unequal, the greater tension
falling upon the higher drum. This, however, need not be taken into
account unless the angle of inclination is so great — over about forty
degrees — as to interfere with the necessary deflections, in which case
tension pulleys must be adopted.
For purposes of calculation the horisontal distance between the
drum centres should be taken. F'or absolutely vertical driving we do
not recommend the wire rope.
In a straight-line installation the greatest care must be taken
to ensure all pulleys being in the same vertical plane, as also being
turned exactly true and evenly balanced, and the shafts perfectly
horizontal. If any of these conditions be ignored the rope will grind
A
3»
8
against the flanges and sway laterally or vertically with consequent
damage to rope and bearings, see page 24.
Where the drive is required to depart from the straight line,
horizontal angle-pulleys with vertical guide sheaves Fig. 40 are some-
times used. Bevel wheels are also frequently employed Fig. 41.
Upon the driving drum, in wire rope transmission, depends to
a great extent the efficiency and economy of the installation. Owing
to the low value of the co-efficient of friction of iron on iron it has
been found necessary to pad the pulley groove with a softer material
which will also spare the rope. Wood and other materials have been
used for this purpose but after numerous and protracted experiments
with many differing substances, it was discovered that segments of
leather driven edge-on into the groove an^ afterwards turned true,
gave the most satisfactory results, lasting, when properly fitted, from
two to three years. Fig. 42 shows a drum thus equipped.
The Ropes. When ropes are previously spliced some difficulty may be
experienced in getting them into position on the drums. The best
method is to curve a piece of angle iron to about two-thirds the
diameter of the drum ; one end is then clamped to the arm of the
wheel, the other thrown over into the groove so as to serve as a
leader to the rope. Fig. 43 shows the position of the rope on the
angle iron curve, half a turn of the drum in the direction of the
arrow will bring it into the pulley groove.
Broken Wires. After a rope has been in use some length of time broken
wires will probably appear at intervals. These must not be allowed
32
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to protrude as they tend to cut the other wires and cause an
oscillation of the rope in passing over the pulleys. They should be
broken off short with a pair of pliers by bending backwards and
foru'ards; they should not be cut.
5SSING. Ropes running in an exposed position should be periodically
treated with WRIGHT'S Preservative Dressing, see page y6,
TANizEi) Rope. Galvanized wire rope should on no account be used for
driving purposes as the acids deteriorate the steel and render it more
susceptible to corrosion when the coating is worn off.
:oiLiNG. The greatest care should be exercised in uncoiling wire ropes
to avoid kinking which is a serious damage that cannot be put
right. If the rope is delivered by the maker on a reel the latter
should be revolved on a spindle as the rope is paid off; if delivered in
a coil it should be placed on a turntable or cart wheel to be paid off.
icJNG. It is very difficult to make a good splice in a wire rope
and requires a long experience. The method to be adopted differs
materially from that employed in hemp rope splicing, hence very few
riggers are able to splice wire rope.
The length of the splice varies according to the diameter of
the rope and the purpose for which it is to be used, but, generally
speaking, long splices are to be preferred and may be, for driving
purposes, from twenty to seventy-five feet in total length.
We recommend the following : —
Dia. in inches \i ^M ?8 J'i6 >^ ?i6 5^ '! i6 H Ji i \]i » '4 i:^8 1)2
Splice in feet 20 20 20 30 30 30 40 40 40 50 50 50 60 60 60
33
lO
Before attempting to splice a wire rope the following tools
should be provided : —
A Wooden Mallet.
A Pair of 7 inch Cutting Pliers
A Round Long- tapered Mandril
A Flattened Steel Mandril 0:
A Strong Pocket Knife.
Having fixed upon the length of the proposed splice, say
thirty-six feet, overlap the two ends of the rope to that extent, then
open out the strands each way for half the distance, having previously
bound the rope at these points with string to prevent further un-
ravelling, and cut off each alternate strand to within eight inches ; also
cut off the two exposed hemp cores leaving eight inches only, to
serve as a hold for after manipulation, Fig. F. Then heave close up the
two untwisted ends of rope and carefully interlock the opposing strands
so that they pass each other in regular order. Now cut the string
binding, unlay strand i and as this is being done lay strand A firmly
into the open groove until within three feet of its end and cut oflT
strand i leaving three feet projecting which must be temporarily
secured with string. Then repeat the operation by unlaying strand 3
and laying strand C into its groove, and follow with strand 5 — E, Fig. G.
34
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Now commence in the opposite direction by unlaying strand B
and laying strand 2 in its place, follow with strands D — 4 and F — 6,
stopping short and cutting off exactly as with the first half. The
rojx: will now present this appearance, Fig. H.
Then, commencing with the centre of the splice, take the
projecting eight inch of core by the hand and pass the round mandril
through the rojxi so that three strands lie each side, now work round
with the lay of the rope taking out the core up to the joint ; next
insert the flat mandril (nrr the base end of the strand to be inserted
into the core space, and under two of the firm strands ; by now
wi>rking the mandril round with the lay of the rope the loose end
nf strand will he forced into the centre lately occupied by the hemp
lore. Next repeat the operation with the other end of the same joint,
working in the opposite direction, and so on with the other joints
u!\til all the eiuls are laid in and the rope rounded up with the mallet.
Care must he taken to whip the ends of each strand, preferably with
^(Mul twine, for a distance t)f eight inches before forcing them into their places.
With ropes on the lang principle it is desirable to whip these
strand-ends for twelve inches, and to make the splice one third
It)nger than those given in the table above.
SLOW SPEED TRANSMISSION.
For very long transmissions, or when it is required to take
off power at intermediate points, the principles above explained cannot
so advantageously be applied; those of the Endless Haulage, described
^8
NO
N^OII'
GROOVED DRIVING AND COUNTER PULLEYS.
Fig. 46.
^
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Pi:3LlLl.lr*f<ART
GROOVED DRIVING AND COUNTER PULLEYS.
Fig. 46.
38B
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15
in a subsequent chapter, are therefore adopted. A larger and con-
sequently more rigid rope is run at a slow speed under a high tension,
and is actuated by a self-delivering drum round which, in the absence
of the necessary conditions of tension of the system above described,
it is wrapped several times in order to obtain sufficient driving
friction. Fig. 44 ; a similar drum may be situated at the receiving end
of the drive when re- transmission is desired. For large power
transmissions grooved pulleys and counter-pulleys are used for the
purpose, the latter being set at an angle corresponding to the grooves
in the former, which may be two or more according to the amount
of rope friction required, Fig. 45. At Fig. 46 is shown the counter
pulley fixed on a tension carriage which has the advantage of counter-
acting the pressure on the crank shaft bearings. The necessary tension
in the slack side may also be adjusted by one or other of the
contrivances shown in Figs. 47, 18 and 19.
The rope is carried upon small sheaves situated at from 80 to
120 feet apart for straight drives, but for angles of deviation of
appreciable acuteness the pulleys should not be less than fifty diameters
of the rope of 42 wires, forty diameters of the rope of 72 wires or
thirty diameters of the rope of 1 14 wires ; but a number of rollers
of small diameter set at intervals insuring a true curve being described
by the rope are preferable.
A
39
i6
Tlie horse power transmitted by this system may be calculated
by the equation.
H. P. = [ 4755 D^— -000006 (W + g, + g^) ] V.
In which D = Diameter of rope in inches.
V = Velocity in feet peV second.
VV = Weight of rope,
g = Weight of driving and driven pulleys and
spindfcs.
g^ = Weight of all intermediate pulleys and spindles.
The engines for driving the rope on this system of transmission
arc similar to those shown in the Endless Rope Haulage section
Figs. 48 and 49.
'^X^K^
40
Underground Haulage.
The advantages of wire rope for underground haulage are generally
admitted, and at the present time it forms the most important means for
the transportation of materials in all mining and similar undertakings.
The other systems of haulage, such as Animal, Compressed-air,
or Steam Power, have all been tried and found to have objections to
their use ; while the improvements which have from time to time been
made in wire rope haulage have enhanced the inherent advantages it
possesses when compared with these other systems.
Its high mechanical efficiency, safety, and immunity from the
chances of break-downs, the facility with which it can be taken round
curves, and the freedom from smoke or noxious gases attendant on its
manipulation in the mine, are the chief characteristics which have led
to its general adoption.
There are two systems of Wire Rope Haulage applied underground
which we will now describe.
(D-ENDLESS ROPE HAULAGE.
This system, as its name signifies, consists of an endless moving
haulage rope, to which the trams, tubs or cars are attached either singly
at intervals, or in "trains" of so many together.
The rope is as a rule run continuously in one direction, and in order
to counteract the effect of the considerable variations in load due to the
trams being suddenly coupled or uncoupled to the rope, the engine driving
41
the rope is fitted with a heavy fly-wheel and sensitive governors which keep
the speed uniform, see Fig. 48.
Occasionally, however, when special cases demand it, the rope is
worked both ways, receiving its motion from an engine fitted with reversing
gear, Fig. 49. This latter arrangement is practically the same as that
known as the ** Main and Tail Rope " system, and the journeys are worked
in exactly the same manner, see page 45.
The speed of the rope varies in different installations to suit the output,
but it is usually from three to six miles per hour. It receives its motion
from the engine either by a self-delivering drum, shewn in Fig. 44, or by
grooved driving and counter-pulleys round which the rope passes to and fro
several times to give the necessary grip, as shewn in Fig. 45, or by
means of the patent Clip-pulley, Fig. 24.
The tension arrangement, to take up and regulate the amount of
slack in the rope, is usually placed at or near one end of the system, and is
of similar construction to those shewn in Fig. 19, or Figs. 46 and 47.
The endless system of haulage is in use on both single and double
tracks, but in the case of the single track, arrangements have to be made to
enable the trains of tubs travelling in different directions to pass. The
double track system, although more costly in laying down, is undoubtedly
the better and safer where a large output has to be dealt with, as the full
trams travel in one direction and the empty ones in the other on their own
roads.
The mining trams, tubs, or cars are of various forms, and are made
both of wood and iron, with either chilled cast iron or cast steel wheels.
Fig, 48.
^
:
, I
1 I
' • ■ - t •
A*TC^ 1 f s .- » ',
1:--
* '
».«M
THENEW YOKK
PUBLIC LIBR ART
A5TO«.LtNOX *nO
T»LOtN >«ni;.vn*rio»«S.
see Figs. 50, 51, 52. An excellent form of these is that known as the Self-
lubricating wheel, which contains a recess cast in the boss in which the
lubricant is placed, and when in good order will run for months without
attention.
The trams are attached to the rope at any point by chains wrapped
round the rope or preferably by means of clips or tongs, of which there are
a number of patterns, some of which are shewn in Figs. 50 and 51.
The connection for working side roads can be made very readily
either with the single or double track system ; it is, however, sometimes
preferable to work the side or auxiliary roads by means of separate ropes,
driven either by a separate motor — steam, compressed air, or electric — or it
may be arranged so that the side ropes obtain their motion from the main
rope which is taken round a pulley on whose shaft is fixed another
pulley driving the auxiliary rope by means of a friction clutch.
The endless system is frequently adapted in collieries for also
driving the force-pumps fixed down the mine, by utilizing the rope which
does the hauling, thereby abolishing the cumbersome and heavy "spear"
or pump rods usually put in to convey the motive power from the surface
to the pumps below. In this case a clip-pulley and clutch are attached
to the pump shaft, by which a positive and even drive is secured ; or the
pump may be driven from the terminal pulley shaft by a separate pulley
and rope.
The rope is usually supported, when not held up by the cars,
by rollers fixed to the sleepers. There are several forms of these rollers
which are made to suit different working conditions. The simplest kind
4S
is that shewn in Fig. 53 ; it is of wood with an iron or steel spindle,
and is sometimes made with iron flanges at the ends, Fig. 54. Another
form is shewn in Fig. 55, where the body is made of W.I. Tube with
wood centre driven in to take the spindle. The best form, however, is
illustrated at Fig. 56, which is made of cast iron or preferably of
cast steel about 6 inches to 8 inches diameter. Where the rope is
taken below the surface of the road or away from it altogether, as
in coming to and from the engine-house, the rope may be carried on
narrow-grooved supporting pulleys Fig. 57.
In all these supporting pulleys and rollers, the adoption of cast
steel has marked a great improvement, enabling them to be made
lighter, consequently absorbing less power, while their increased strength
and hardness render them much more durable than those of cast iron.
Owing to the fact of their being separated and at intervals along the line,
the track-rollers often receive very little attention and are allowed to run
for long periods without lubrication, the result being that they soon
wear themselves out, cause wear on the rope by their irregular running, and
necessitate a much greater amount of power to be exerted at the engine to
drive the rope than would be required if the rollers were in good condition.
Much of this loss of power can be obviated by the use of a
a lubricant known as " Solid Oil " applied through plunger lubricators. The
rollers then only require a periodical examination, and run very steadily.
Another preventative is the use of self-lubricating rollers which
revolve upon the spindles, and are filled inside with oil either through
a plug or by means of a hole in the spindle.
44
i
• t
■, VT
V
These will run for a long time without being looked after.
An arrangement is sometimes adopted which obviates the use
of carrying pulleys, in which the rope is carried on the top of the
trams in a suitable grip, see Fig. 52. This arrangement, however, is
only suitable for installations having few or slight curves.
In cases where extensions become necessary, power is sometimes
taken down to the end of the main haulage system by means of
compressed-air or electricity, and an engine or motor is fixed in an
overhead chamber and arranged to work the extension either on the
"Endless Rope" system, or on the "Main and Tail Rope" system described
later. An illustration of this arrangement is shewn in Fig. 58.
The great features of the Endless Rope system are its slow
continuous working, uniformity of power absorbed, and the regular feed
and delivery of the full tubs " out-bye " and of the empties " in-bye,"
thus greatly facilitating the operations of distribution.
The output can readily be increased either by putting the tubs
at closer intervals along the rope at the same speed, or by keeping
the tubs at the same distance apart and increasing the speed of the
rope. In all cases it is advisable, in putting down power, to provide
for extensions. The speed of the rope can thus be varied to correspond
exactly with the output required.
(2)-MAIN AND TAIL ROPE HAULAGE.
This system of Haulage is second in importance to that previously
described and is known as the " Main and Tail Rope " system. Two
45
separate ropes are used, the main rope for drawing the full load
"out-bye" and the tail rope for drawing the empties " in-bye/* on the
same line of rails.
This system finds favour under certain conditions, but the working
costs are higher.
Instead of the tubs being placed at regular intervals apart, as in
the endless rope system, they are placed in a " Set " or " Journey " of from
25 to 100 tubs connected closely together and run in and out at speeds
of from 12 to 20 or more miles per hour, a man riding with the "Journey"
each way. In the event of a tub getting de-railed while running at full
speed the damage done is often very considerable and great delays occur
in clearing the road. It will be understood that this is an "intermittent"
system of delivery, instead of "continuous" as in the case of the
Endless Rope system.
There being but one line of rails it follows that no empties
can be taken in-bye until the full tubs have been delivered out-bye.
This system is suited to mines where there are a number of side
roads or workings, or where the gradients vary and the curves are
frequent and of short radius.
The Engine for driving is required of greater power in this
system. Two drums are required which run loose upon the shaft and
are put into gear alternately by means of clutches.
When the "Journey" of full tubs is ready for the out-bye trip
the main rope is connected and the tail rope is made fast to the
last tub, the engine man throwing in the clutch of the main rope-drum
46
Fig. 69
Tail Rope. Horizontal end Sheave.
Fig. 60
Tail Rope. Vertjcal end Slieave.
46 A.
^ • "^ . ■, :;i ISO
• -«.»•-
and allows the other drum to run freely on the shaft, applying the
brake sufficiently to prevent the drum over-running the tail rope. For
the in-bye trip the tail rope hauls the " Journey," the main rope being
attached to the back car of the "Journey," the clutch of the tail
rope-drum being put into gear and the main rope running loose.
The tail rope is usually carried from the winding drum to the
end of the line on guide pulleys fixed to the side of the road on
uprights a few feet above the rail level Fig. 64. The main rope is
supported at intervals upon rollers placed between the rails, similar to
those shewn in Figs. 53, 54, 55, and 56.
In cases where the gradients vary so as to form a "Concave"
slope, guide rollers are fixed to the roof timbers to save the friction
which would otherwise occur by reason of the rope rubbing against
the roof At the in-bye end the tail rope passes round a sheave
about four feet diameter fixed either horizontally in a pit underground,
as shewn in Fig. 59, or vertically in timber framework as in Fig. 60.
Sometimes two engines are used situated one at each end of the
system, the main engine actuating the main rope, the other the tail
or return rope. In either mode of working the tail rope may be
smaller in diameter than the one used for hauling the loaded wagons.
Branches from the main line are worked by separate ropes
which take the place of part of the tail rope. They are connected
and disconnected at the various points required, by means of suitable
couplings. When the rope is under considerable tension " knock-off"
hooks have to be used which are attached to the tubs as shewn in
A
47
Fig. 6 1 and which can be made to wx*rk automatically as in Fig. 62.
The form of couplings used for connecting the tail and branch ropes
are shew-n in Fig. 65. There are x-arious \\-a\-s of making the change
in the ropes: it can be effected either at the time the ''journey" reaches
the junction of the main and branch lines, or preferably when the
"journey" is being made up at the entrance to the mine or unloading
station, as in this case the connection to the branch line is made when
there is no stress on the rope, and no time is lost when the "journey"
arrives at the branch.
A modification of the main and tail rope system above described
is sometimes adopted, in which an endless rope is used which is
reversed in direction as required.
INCLINE HAULAGE.
There are frequently cases where material has to be taken up
or down an inclined plane from one level to another, and the
conditions under which such systems of haulage operate are quite
different from either of the systems above described. In many workings
the incline is against the load, in which cases power is required, in
others the incline is in favour of the load thus making it self-acting as
the loaded cars draw up the em[)ty ones. It is then necessar)' to fit the
head gear with a break of more or less power according to the
steei)ncss of the gradient, Fig. 21. There is another type of incline
haulage which is used for passengers, known as the " water-balance **
system. In this type a single wire rope is attached to the cars and
48
«K,
^^SDa
NO
passed round a sheave placed at the top of the incline and provided
with a powerful brake. The bottom of the car is fitted with a tank
which is filled with a suflRcient quantity of water at the top of the
incline to outweigh the ascending car which has previously been
automatically emptied of its water on reaching the bottom of the incline.
A similar arrangement to this is used extensively in Ironworks
for charging the ore, fuel, limestone, etc., into blast-furnaces, this is
known as the "water-balance" hoist. There are usually in this system
two cages running vertically iif guides with an arrangement to fill
the lower part of each cage with water at the top of the hoist, and
automatically discharge it at the tjottom. The cages are connected
by means of a steel wire rope running over a pulley at the top.
The most frequent application of incline haulage is in mines
where the material has to be brought up the incline from the
workings below and delivered into railway wagons or screens at the
top, the empties being returned into the mine.
The arrangement of roads is a point which is often overlooked.
Where only moderate outputs are required it is frequently possible
to work the cars in such a way that they always pass each other
in the middle of the incline. Fig. 65.
In these cases, instead of a double line being provided all the way,
they are worked with a passing-place or loop in the middle, above
which the track becomes three-railed the centre rail serving for both roads
alike, and below which is only a single road with a pair of automatic
points at the bottom end of the loop. This arrangement enables a great
49
lO
saving to be made in maintenance and cost of permanent way. The
other usual forms of incline roads are shewn in Fig. 66.
Another arrangement of self-acting Incline, designated a "bob-
plane," is used when small quantities of materials have to be conveyed
down-hill. In this case a line is laid between and below the single
main line, the full tub running down draws up a long shallow
balance-car weighted sufficiently to draw up the empty tub. The wire
n>jx} is taken round a sheave with brake which is placed vertically
at the head of the incline.
A modification of the balance plane is sometimes used where
thor^* are a scries (^f working-roads or headings at different stages of the
incline, in which case there is a kind of platform-car bearing fixed
rails. This is fitted with a powerful brake worked by brakesman who
stops the car e.x.ictly opposite the various "landing-stages" where the full
mining tubs are waiting to be run on, whereupon the platform car is
hauled up to the top of the incline when the tubs are run off, emptied,
run back, taken clown again to their respective landing-stages.
The balance in this case may be arranged differently from that
mentioned above, and a separate line used for the balance car.
In cases where the load is descending and the gradient is very
steep, special precautions have to be taken in furnishing sufficient
brake power to properly control the descent of the cars, and it may
be necessary to have a fan-brake or governor, which is fitted above the
head gear, absorbing considerable power when driven at a high speed.
For Stresses on Incline Ropes see Table, page 57.
50
^^^
The Rope.
Trt)OPES are made of four, five, six and seven strands, each strand
consisting of five, seven, nine, twelve, fifteen, nineteen, twenty-four
or thirty-seven wires, and for some purposes even more wires are used.
Haulage ropes are made preferably of six strands containing
seven wires each or forty-two wires in all. The strands are laid round
a hemp main core which should be made of long fibre Russian hemp,
or where grippers are used upon the rope, of Manila hemp which is
a hard fibre and is slow to deteriorate. This hemp core should be
previously treated with linseed oil to prevent wasting from internal
friction of fibre on fibre, or preferably by our Self-lubricating
Composition which also serves to oil the inside wires of the rope and
keep them from corroding. These ropes are known as Wrights'
Internally Self Oiling Ropes. The advantage of a forty-two wire rope
for haulage is the greater wearing surface presented by individual
wires, but where a rope above ^ inch diameter is required to bend to
sharp angles or wind on a small drum, this advantage must be
sacrificed in favour of greater flexibility by increasing the number of
wires per strand.
A point of the greatest importance in haulage ropes, and
strangely neglected by manufacturers, is the ratio of the length
of lay of wires and strands to the diameter of the drum on
which the rope is expected to work. If our friends in ordering
SI
would invariably state the particulars of their plant and angles it
would allow us to adapt a lay which a long recorded experience
has enabled us to fix as giving the best results under similar
conditions.
In ropes of the usual construction the strands are laid up in
the reverse direction to the lay of their wires. Thus a right-hand
laid rope has the wires left-hand laid and conversely. But with ropes
on the lang principle the wires and strands are both laid in the same
direction ; the best results are obtained from these latter ropes where
subjected to much surface friction as with haulage.
Seven stranded ropes have the extra strand in the centre in
place of the hemp core ; we do not recommend them except in
special circumstances as this extra strand adds to the weight of the
rope without increasing its ultimate strength. The life or duration of
a rope depends primarily upon
A, The quality and temper of the wire being suitable for the
stress the rope has to bear, and the conditions under
which it has to work.
B, Its construction as regards number of wires, strands and
class of core.
C, The ratio of the lay of its wires to that of its strands
and their proportion to the diameter of the drum or
pulley over which it works.
D, The nature of the dressing with which it is lubricated and
the mode and frequency of its application.
52
E. The number and angle of* the turns it is required to make
in working.
With regard to the quality and temper of the wire, it is
surprising so much vagueness should exist in the minds of those who
are constantly using ropes as to the meaning of the terms " Patent,"
" Improved Patent," " Patent Crucible," or " Plough " steel wire. With
the object of introducing a more exact and scientific denomination
we have at great labour compiled and Registered a table showing the
different tempers of wires comprised in the classes above referred to
with the corresponding Breaking Strains of every size of rope from
9^6 to 65^ inch circumference. This Registered Table will be found
at page 70.
A sine qud non for a good rope is not merely the suitableness
of the quality and temper of the wire to the work and cbnditions
to which it will be subjected, but the uniformity of such quklity and
temper in every component wire. In order to obtain this essential
uniformity we instituted a series of tests which we apply to both
ing
it up, and such coils as fall short of or exceed our standards are
rejected. These tests consist of pulling the wire to destruction by a
direct stress, called the Tensile Test ; bending at right angles a given
number of times without showing signs of failure, called the Bending
Test ; and the Torsion Test which means that the wire must stand a
certain number of twists in a length of eight inches without cracking.
AH tests are recorded in our Register for purposes of reference.
uniformity we instituted a series of tests which we apply to bo
the leading and following ends of every coil of wire before workii
tf iir\ or»r1 cii/*V» r^rkilc a« "full ^hnirt nf or ^f/'/'**rf r»iir cfanrlirHc a
53
In ordering a rope, for nk-hatever purpose, we would impress
upon users the importance of specifying in the fullest manner the
particulars of the iJi*ork it is required to do, the method of its
application, and the details as to size and speed of drum and
pulle>^ : if for an incline, the gradient, the number of wagons and
their gross and net weights should be added. With these particulars
before us we can bring to bear a recorded experience of forty years
and so ensure a satisfactory- construction, make and quality of rope
to our clients. The furnishing of this information is all the more
important to the user since it enables us to supply the most suitable,
therefore, in the end, the most economical rope.
It is a mistake to imagine, as is frequently done, that a rope
of high quality wire must necessarily give better results than one of
lower grade wire, that Plough will last longer than crucible steel. It will
be understood from what w^ have stated above that the life of a
rope depends upon its adaptability to a combination of conditions,
and this can only be ensured by a long and intelligent experience
in both the manufacture and application of ropes in all circumstances.
We have been able in numerous instances to show those
friends who placed themselves in our hands a considerable saving in
their rope account
Dressing. The great importance of using a lubricant perfectly free
from mineral acids which corrode steel, and of a consistency
permitting penetration to the inside wires while possessing sufficient
substance to ensure adherence to the wearing surface, is constantly
54
5
overlooked. Instances are not infrequent (and become public when
resulting in loss of life) of ropes suddenly breaking while the visible
wires show no signs of deterioration. Upon examination in such cases
it is invariably found that the internal wires have perished by
corrosion from one of four causes : either the lubricant has been too
thick to penetrate between the external wires, or it was so thin that,
after proper application, it ran off or was washed off by rain or
drippings in the pit, or containing mineral acids, itself rusted the wire,
or perhaps the right kind of dressing was too infrequently applied. It
should be constantly borne in mind that the condition of the external wires
is no indication of that of the internal ones ; the outside wires are
subject to friction which in wearing them away keeps them free from
rust even when insufficiently dressed. For this reason winding ropes
should be re-capped at intervals not exceeding six months, which
affords the opportunity of examining the inside wires and also
changes the lifting point of the rope on the pit-head pulley.
Lubricants should be applied with a stiff brush, or, where
practicable, the rope should be allowed to run through a trough
having brushes fixed on either side and filled with the dressing.
This process should usually be repeated at least once a week. At
page 76, will be found particulars of Wright's Preservative Dressing
which is prepared as a result of many years experience and
experiment.
A rope should not be overworked. For vertical winding the
gross load including the weight of the rope between the pit-head
\
55
pulley and the cage at the commencement of the lift should not,
except in certain cases, exceed one-tenth of the Breaking Strain of
the rope as given in our Registered Table at page 70. For incline
working the actual stress on the rope varies according to the
load and gradient. On the opposite page we give a table showing
at a glance the stress in pounds per ton of 2240 lbs. on gradients
of 2° 52' to 63° 27.' A rope suffers most from the effect on the
wires of bending over pulleys of small diameters. In laying out
a plant it is more economical in the long run to adopt large size
pulleys in all instances. This will be more readily understood when
it is remembered that as a wire is bent, its fibres on the side of
the greater curvature are elongated while those on the reverse side
are compressed ; so that deterioration commences from the first
bend under strain, till at last the limit of the decreasing elasticity of
the wire falls below the stress and the wire breaks.
When ropes have to work on a long parallel barrel, such as
a steam crab, the lay of the rope should be in the direction of the
travel, i,e. if the travel is from left to right the rope should be
right hand laid, and conversely.
There is yet another class of rope we have not yet described
made of shaped wires which in their external layer fit or lock
into each other in such a way as to present the appearance of a
solid bar. We sometimes supply these ropes for sinking, but do
not recommend them for other purposes as the lubricant or dressing
cannot penetrate between the locked wires of this external layer, so
56
Table of Inclines
Showing the Stress on the Rope in lbs. for each ton of load, based upon
an allowance of 25 lbs. per ton for rolling friction.
RISE IN 100 FEET.
ANGLE OF INCLINATION.
STRESS ON
ROPE IN LBS.
FO:^ EACH
TON OF LOAD.
5
2° 1:2'
• • • •
137
10 .
5° 43' -
248
15 .
8° 32' ...
357
20 .
11° 10' ...
458
25 .
14° 03' ...
568
30 .
16° 42' ...
668
35 .
19° 18' ...
765
40 .
21° 49' •••
857
45 .
24° 14' ...
944
50 .
26° 34' ...
1026
55 .
28° 49' ...
1 104
60 .
30° 58' ...
1 177
65 .
33° 02' ...
1245
70 .
35° 00' ...
1309
75 .
36° S3' ...
1369
80 .
38° 40' ...
1424
85 .
•
40° 22'
1475
90 .
42° 00' ...
1523
95 .
43° 32' ...
1567
100
. 45° 00' ..
1609
105
. 46° 24' ..
1647
110
■ 47° 44' ..
1682
115
49° 00' ..
1715
120
50° 12' ..
1746
125
51° 21' ..
1774
130
52° 26' ..
1800
135
• 53° 29' ..
1825
140
. 54° 28' ..
1848
145
■ 55° 25' ..
1869
150
. 56° 19' ••
1889
155
• 57 1 1' ..
1907
160
. 58^ 00' ..
1924
165
• 58° 47' ••
1940
170
. 59° 33' ..
1955
175
. 60° 16' ..
1970
180
. 60; 57' ..
1983
185
. 61 37' ..
J 995
190
. 62° IS' ..
2007
195
. 62° 52' ..
2018
200
. 63' 27' ..
2028
m order to gtre a
In order Co aaccrtaii
1 the requisite breakinsr strain of the nnw, muJ
Itiply the total "stress' by 8
de manpn for woar. A reference to our R^^tered Table of Breaking Strains will then indicate the
size and quality
r tha ftmetmrntf rope. The weight of the rope it«rff, proportionate to the lenirth of the plane (for which see table of I
filglttSOfSlMl W
Ira Rop
fhAo
uldbei
■ddedu
» die worlung load bcfoi
ra mah
iaitT
OAIX Cik
mSi^
B.
1
\
S7
8
that unseen internal corrosion is likely to result. Further, they are
unsuitable for endless haulage as they cannot be spliced, and when
used for winding they require constantly re-capping owing to the
liability to unequal stretching in the different shaped layers.
Similar objections apply to ropes having shaped wire strand
cores which quickly break up under side bending. They are always
lively ropes, and difficult and unsatisfactory to splice, as the strands
not being round, make an uneven bed when tucked in to form a
core. See " Splicing," page 33.
Uncoiling. Wire Ropes should never be uncoiled from the inside
or from a stationary position. The coil must be placed on a reel
or turntable and paid off from the outside end.
Storing of Wirr Ropks. Much damage is often done to Wire Ropes
through being improperly stored. They should be kept upon planks
at least six inches from the floor, covered with a tarpaulin sheet
and periodically brushed over with Wright's Preservative Dressing.
A rope should never be changed from a larger to a smaller
drum ; no harm will result in changing it from a smaller to a
larger one.
When carrying wheels are necessary the greatest care should be
taken to get them in the same vertical plane, otherwise the rope will
ride against the flang. Care should also be taken that the rope
dose not drag against any intervening substance. Neglect of these
precautions will seriously injure the rope and thereby shorten its life.
58
WIRE ROPE FOR CRANES.
The application of Steel Wire Rope for lifting purposes is
extending and will continue to do so as its advantages become more
generally known. After the many accidents which have occurred through
the failure of chains used for lifting purposes, Crane-makers and users
are now adopting the Wire Rope which gives greater security from
breakdowns by reason of the fact that it is of the same strength from
end to end and has the unique advantage of giving ample warning of
its becoming weakened from lengthened use ; whereas iron chain,
however excellent the material from which it is made, is proverbially
dependent upon the strength of its weakest link, and this may have
a hidden fault causing failure without the slightest warning on any
sudden strain being applied.
A further consideration, which is leading to its adoption in
place of chain, especially in large cranes, is that strength for
strength the wire rope is so much lighter than the latter allowing the
the carrying sheaves also to be lightened and consequently there is
a considerable reduction in freight, which in the larger cranes, derricks
and sheer-legs, etc., is a heavy item.
We make a " specially flexible compound steel wire rope " of
a particular lay, and ductility of wire, rendering it particularly
applicable to cranes, derricks, capstans, etc.
WIRE ROPE FOR LIFTS.
With the increased use of suspended lifts or " elevators " a
more reliable lifting medium than chain was required, this was found
\
59
lO
in the steel wire rope, and now there are thousands of lifts, Hydraulic,
Electric, and Power, which employ wire ropes for lifting the cage.
The usual practice is to have more than one rope, each capable
of supporting the full load. In ordinary lifts two ropes are considered
sufficient, but in the highest class of lifts as many as fowr ropes are
provided. Great care should be exercised to avoid kinking, in putting
on the ropes, as this damage can never be rectified and consequently
shortens the life of a rope. In order to avoid kinking we supply our
lift ropes on reels from which they can be paid off by passing a
bar through the centre.
The greatest care is necessary in the manufacture of lift ropes
as the lay must be nicely adjusted to the diameter, position and
number of the wheels used in the lifting mechanism and round which
the rope has to travel. The steel wire has also to be carefully
selected and tested before being employed in such responsible work.
We have had a very long and varied experience in the use
and manufacture of wire ropes for all purposes, and we are always
pleased to inform our friends as to the strength and best description
of rope to use for their particular necessities, and generally to advise
them as to the best systems and most economical methods of
working upon receiving full particulars of their requirements.
eo
Conductors or Guide
Rods.
Undoubtedly the best form of conductor is the suspended guide
rod. Rigid conductors should always be avoided except where
absolutely requisite as they never remain in a perfectly perpendicular
position and frequently impede free winding. We now make our
suspended conductors of Cold- Drawn Steel Rods twisted together, thus
completely superseding the old charcoal iron rods which did not
possess the necessary wearing qualities.
These steel nxls are annealed in a special manner and cold-
drawn to size after annealing. The advantage claimed for this is that
the body of the rod remains ductile while the peripheral pores of the
steel are closed and the surface slightly hardened and consequently
rendered more durable under constant friction.
We warn our friends against the rolled rods supplied b)- some
makers, they are usually insufficiently and irregular!}' annealed, liable
to crack in use, and quickly wear away. Though their inital cost is
low, in the end they are very expensive.
The drawing process to which we subject our rods is in itself
a severe test demanding a perfectly regular grade steel and insuring
a thorough and efficient annealing.
6i
These Cold-Drawn Steel conductors are made of seven or fifteen
rods according to size and requirements. They should be fastened on
the head-gear of the shaft and weighted in guide pits at the bottom,
so as to allow a little elasticity and provide for expansion and
contraction. A fair weight to attach is in the proportion of i ton
for every 250 yards of conductor.
The gross load and depth of shaft determine the size and
number of guide rods for each cage, but where two cages are wound
in one shaft two unconnected conductors should be suspended between
them ; the space between the cages when passing may then be six
inches only.
The accompanying drawing is from a photograph of a piece of
our Cold-Drawn Steel Rods half inch diameter which had been knotted
cold thus proving its quality and general ductility.
JVe guarantee all our Cold- Drawn Steel Rods to stand cold
knotting in this way^
Sizes and Weights of Conductors.
Circumference 2J 2* 2J 3 3^ 3J 3f 4 4^
^KlTer/T^^"^^ ^^^^ i ^^^"^^ ^^V 'ibare i^\ lifuU if bare
Exact Diam. 716 796 '875 '954 1*034 1*114 i'i93 i'273 1*392
^^fiSonf" } ^i ' '°^ "^ '3^ 'S5 18J "i »5lbs.
I
62
Steel Cable Suspension
Bridges.
These Bridges have been designed for the use of Foot Passengers
or Cattle and are apph'cable for spanning Railway Lines, Roads,
Rivers, Valleys, etc.
Their light and elegant appearance recommends them for Private
Grounds and Public Paths, while their strength is greater in proportion
to their weight than that of any other class of bridge, and their
security under even hurricane pressure may be recognised from the
fact that the superficial area exposed to side pressure is so small.
The Bridge consists of two Galvanised Steel Cables stretched
over Iron, Wooden or Masonry Pillars at the extremes of the span
and securely anchored into the ground beyond. PVom these Cables
V
the footway is suspended by means of vertical iron rods. In the
accompanying illustration it will be seen the whole stress falls upon
the Steel Cables which arc constructed of selected wire careful 1\' tested
before being used, and Galvani.sed in order to prevent deterioration
from exposure to the weather.
65
\
These Bridges are capable of bearing a unifcl
3CO lbs. per square foot of treadway or four times I
llic j>ci»pie who could stand there at one time, arl
e\oii to the minutest detail, upon modern engineerirl
The standard width of the Footway is four fa
for ordiiiiiry rKjuirements although we make them ud
rininy [r.t fiKH. The length may vary from 50
l»cr ten feet.
The lightness of the Cable Bridge adapts it f<l
pari (if the world. We Mipply full Instructions an
erecting which can be done by unskilled labour.
•^(^>(KGx=
7.
^i: .
It
John & Edwin Wright. Limited.
UNIVERSE WORKS, BIRMINGHAM.
Telesrams : JlfW^ Telephone :
UNIVERSE, BIRMINQHAM." ^^^^^L^ No. 707.
Established 1770.
WRIGHT'S PATENT "UNIVERSE" PACKING
No. P.g20. 2/6 PER LB.
FOR WINDING AND HAULAGE ENGINES.
TJFTER years of experimenting we have at last discovered a Packing which
is superior to anything ever before produced. It is durable to an extent
never experienced with any of the many kinds of Packing now in use and
continues self-lubricant and pliable as long as it lasts. It is well known that
India-rubber cores very soon perish through the action of heat and oil and
thus expensive packing is sacrificed, constituting a continual loss. We have
succeeded in making a core which has all the advantages of the India-rubber
core and yet is practically indestructible so that the packing can be used for
an unusually long period and yet all the time be frictionless, pliable, and
highly lubricating. The core of this Patent " Universe " Packing is made of
a material not hitherto used for this purpose and it has satisfactorily withstood
severe and prolonged tests. We have specially constructed a compound machine
for forming the periphery with a fibrous material of the best possible description,
and the whole is dressed at different stages of its manufacture with an entirely
new lubricant made to withstand heat and from which all acids have been
carefully excluded. We may safely state that this Packing will last five or
six times as long as the ordinary Packing with India-rubber core.
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72
5
Flat Ropes
should be avoided, but the following table will be useful where such are
already in use.
IRON WIRE.
Size.
In.
1^X72
2 x^
2>^X>4
2^XJ^
2^ X %6
3 xH
3>^ X "A6
3^x^
4 x^
4J4^ X %
5 XI
sjix;^
5^ X '^6
5^x1
6 x;^
per
Fathom
lbs.
8
o'y4
oH
2%
4
6
9
2i>^
26
29^
33>^
36
39
40
42«^
46
46
Price
per
Cwt.
STEEL WIRE.
Size.
Weight
per
F'athom
In.
i^x
^H
4 xH
lbs.
8
2^4^H ' 12J4;
2j^ X %6 i 14
3 x^ I 16
3Kx^ I 19
3>^X"/i6 ' 21 >^
3KxK i 24>^
26
Price
per
Cwt.
HEMP.
Size
4 Strand.
In.
3 X
4 X
4J4^x
5 X
5>^x
5^x
6 X
6>^x
7 X
8>^x2>4:
Weight
per
Fathom
'A
H
A
A
H
A I
A\
lbs.
16
20
2I>^
23
24>^
26
28
30
33
40
45
Price
per
Cwt.
Breaking
Strain.
Tons.
15
I
18
20
23
27
30
35
40
44
49
55
60
65
66
70
77
77
REMARKS.
Working Loads. — For quick w inding, the load, including weight
of rope between pulley and pit bottom when the cage is down, should
be taken at about one-tenth of the breaking strain.
Note. — The weights per fathom are given for Flat Wire Ropes,
made with Hemp Cores in each Strand ; for Wire Cores add about
one-ninth to the given weight
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76
IMPERIAL STANDARD WIRE QAUQE.
TABLE OF Sizes. Weights, Lengths, and Breaking Strains of
IRON WIRE
haued by the IRON AND STEEL WIRE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION.
Siz* on
DIAMETER.
Sectional
WEIGHT OF
BREAKING
STKAINS.
Size on
Wire
Area
in Square
Length
of cwt.
Wire
Gauge.
Gauge.
1
Inch.
Millimetres
Inches.
100 Yds.
xMile.
Annealed
Bright
lbs.
lbs.
yds.
lbs.
lbs.
v„
•500
127
•^963
1934
3404
58
10470
15700
Vo
Vo
•464
11-8
1691
166-5
2930
67
9017
13525
7o
Vo
•432
1 1
1466
144-4
2541
78
7814
II725
Vo
V.
•400
TO*2
•1257
1238
2179
91
6702
10052
Vo
Vo
372
9*4
•1087
1071
1885
"OS
5796
8694
Vo
'L
•348
8-8
•0951 93*7
1649
120
5072
7608
Vo
7.
•324
8-2
•0824 ' 81 -2
1429
138
4397
6595
Vo
I
•300
7-6 0707
69-6
1225
161
3770
5655
I
2
•276
7 -0598
58-9
1037
190
3190
4785
2
3
•252
6-4
•0499
49-1
864
22S
s66o
3990
3
4
•232
5*9
•0423
41-6
732
269
2254
3381
4
5
'212
5*4
•0353
34-8
612
322
1883
2824
5
6
•192 : 4*9
•0290
285
502
393
1544
2316
6
7
•176
4-5
•0243
24
422
467
1298
1946
7
8
160
4-1
•0201
19-8
348
566
1072
1608
8
9
•144
37
•0163
16
282 700
869
1303
9
lO
•128
3*3 0129
127
223
882
687
1030
10
II
•116 3
•0106
io*4
183
1077
564
845
II
13
•104
2-6
•0085
8-4
148
1333
454
680
12
«3
092
2*3
•0066
6-5 1
114
1723
355
532
13 '
14
•080
2
•CO5O
5
88
2240
268
402
14
'5
072
1-8
•0041
4
70
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EAtabllshed 1770.
JOHN & EDWIN WRIGHT, Limited,
Hegl8t«red Oj^cea :
UNIVERSE WORKS, BIRMINGHAM.
UNIVERSB WORKS, LONDON.
WATERPROOF CANVAS AND TARPAULIN MANUFACTURERS.
are Made from the BEST PURE ITALIAN FLAX specially woven and
finished for the purpose. They have stood the test of many years' trial and
been pronounced by some of the leading farmers as Unequalled in the Market.
PRICE LIST
LENGTH
WIDTH
VARDS.
VAKDS-
"UNIVERSE" QUALITY.
HBMP CANTAS.
6
8
£3 12
£S
8
8
8
4 16
4
11
8
10
6
S
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9
10
e 15
6
7
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10
7 10
7
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10
11
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7
16
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12
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8
10
11
12
9 18
9
la
12
10 16
10
4
12
13
11
12
14
12 12
11
18
14
W
14 14
13
16
prices a
IVERED FREE
TO THE NEAREST RAILWAY
STATION,
eessary Side Rop
The abooe
re for Sheets
ROPfD ALL ROUND and the n
M. ;/
required roped across
r third seam price
according to dimension*
make
of the Sheet
and will be quoted
on applicati
5.
and LINE.
We al
the necessary PULLEY BLOCKS, ROPE
} of
BEST MATERIALS to withstand Rain and Heat, 60/
p«rS«t.
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Telegrapbic Addfasa :
•fNIVEKSE" BtRMrNGHAM."
'■ROPEMAKERS. LONDUN."
TELEPHONE NUMBER
Established 1770.
John & Edwin Wright, Limited,
REGISTERED OFFICES'
UNIVERSE WORKS.
BIRMINGHAM.
UNIVERSE WORKS,
LONDON.
ROPE, TWINE AND TARPAULIN MANUFACTURERS.
WRIGHT'S SPECIAL FLEXIBLE RAILWAY WAGON COVERS.
Wright's e©RL SaeKs
TO HOLD TWO CWT.
TO HOLD ONE
CUT
■
No. Each.
P636 2rys6"
Double Bollom.
No. Each.
P639 27" X 3f
Single Boiiom. Ig
peso =7- X 33-1 1
M
P640 2 7"'<56''l
Dnnlilr Rnllnm. f ■
H
SOLID HEMP
Singlr Bottiim. '
F642n-'<33') 1
SOLID HEMP ' ■
1
P641 27X56"|
Single Baltot.1. J ■
I 1
SOLID HEMP [
P643 zfxii
1 — J
Double Bollom. j
SOLID HEMP ■
Double Boll..™.
TO HOLD ONE CWT.
witli Rope Handles.
P638 =7' ^33"!
id
TO HOLD ONE CWT.
with Rope Handles.
No. Each.
P637 ^7" "33"!
Singl. RMow. f
P649
SOLI
' ^7"X33"1
D HEMP ]■
P644 n"x33l
SOLID HEMP y
Single Boitom. J
n
BINQLE BOTTOM.
tr WRITE FOR PRICES.
LARGE ASSORTMENT READY TARRED KEPT IN STOCK.
John & Edwin Wright,
LIMITED,
WIRE ROPE AND HEMP CORDAGE MANUFACTURERS,
UNIVERSE WORKS, BIRMINGHAM.
BiQdeF ToiiQe HH BindeF Toime
BEFORE ordering your requirements for the present season, write us
for Samples and Price of our PURE MANILA BINDER TWINE.
A constantly increasing demand has compelled us to nearly double
our capacity by erecting a New Mill of the most Modern Machinery,
ensuring the greatest regularity and strength of Twine.
Superior Pure Manila Binder Twine
••UNIVERSE BRAND." No. P190.
Average Length Average Breaking Strain Price per Gwt.
600 feet per lb 110 lbs.
CAKRIAOE PAID ON 3 CWT. LOTS TO AHY RAILWAY STATION IN ENGLAND.
Special Quotations for 3 Ton Lots and Upwards.
The "UNIVERSE" MANILA BINDER TWINE, unlcM otherwise
ordered. Is made up into BalU 7 In. k 6 In. weighing about 4 lbs. each,
and these into 40 lb. Bales tor convenience of transportation In the field.
Our friends arc advised to place their Orders early, while the
market is favourable, and to avoid disappointment in delivery during
Harvest Time.
Steel Wire Plough Ropes, Rick Sheets, Tarpaulins, &c.
.^o
^OWIN WRIGHT ,
Established 1770.
T'eo
Wrought=Iron Pulley Blocks
LONDON PATTERN.
THESE BLOCKS HAVE TURNED SHAFTS, BRIGHT PULLEYS, AND ARE BORED.
SNATCH.
I SHEAVE,
Diameter L.fShif.ve ...
I
Int.
i
3«
3.S
Wciifhl...
iV. SPARE l«OX SlIEAV
TABLE SHOWING RELATIVE POWERS OF WROUGHT-IRON PULLEY BLOCKS.
11i.->m.'lcr^r.S
Widlh L>r Cm
I i _i i j i_ '' J\ ."( I A ■ I ■1 4 A 3 ji
T.' ».vrlnm tlu.' >i
i.'ight :— Divide Ihc WB|:ht (o be liftrd b] ■
ROPES TO SUIT ABOVE BLOCKS KEPT IN STOCK.
90
23
JOHN& EDWIN WRIGHT, Limited,
UNIVERSE WORKS.
MILLWALL, ^% GARRISON STREET,
LONDON. /V\ BIRMINGHAM.
TELEGRAMS : ^*^^^ 'i^^ TELEGRAMS :
''ROPEMAKERS. LONDON/' roTiniionrn i-7-7A ** UNIVERSE, BIRMINGHAM."
— T =«>.« torADLlSntD 1770. , ,^^
Telephone, No. 5246. Telephone, No. 707.
Contractors to Her Majesty's and Foreign Governments.
PATENTEES OF THE ATLANTIC CABLES.
TMK BRITISH ATLAHTIO ISeS, 18«8. THK FRKNCH ATLANTIC 1809. TMK BRITItH INDIA ISeS.
TNZ TOULON AND AUOIBIIt IBTO. TNB FALMOUTH, aiBRALTAR AND MALTA 1STO. THB BRAZILIAN 1B74.
THB AUSTRALIAN AND NKW ZKALAND 1S74. Kto. , KTO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
patent steel and iron wire ropes
OF EVERY KNOWN CONSTRUCTION FOR PIT WINDING AND INCLINES.
drawn from STEEL OF SPECIAL DUCTILITY.
PULLEYS FOR ROUND AND FLAT WIRE ROPES AND PATENT SPRINGS FOR SAME.
Steel Cables for Tramw^ays
HADE OF THE '•UNIVERSE" BRAND OF STEEL WIRE DRAWN EXCLUSIVELY FOR US.
CABLES FOR AERIAL TRAMWAYS.
Wrighfs Special flexible Compound Wire Kopes for Cranes, Capstans, Sheers, &c.,
CABLES AND ROPES FOR SUSPENSION BRIDGES.
COPPER ROPE. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. TOW LINES. TRAWLING ROPES.
GALVANIZED FLEXIBLE STEEL WIRE HAWSERS.
Copper and Iron Wire Sash Lines. Clock Lines Gilt and Silvered Picture Cords, etc.
5HIP5 STANDING RIQQINQ. GALVANIZED SIGNAL STRAND.
Wright's Compound Wire and Hemp Ropes,
wrights preservative dressing for wire ropes in barrels and half barrels. special oil for pulleys.
CYLINDERS, SHAFTING. Etc.
CHAINS TO THE ADMIRALTY AND LLOYD'S TESTS.
COIR HHMSERS.
PATENT IMPROVED FLAT AND ROUND HEMP ROPES. MANILLA ROPES. ITALIAN HEMP ROPES. RUSSIAN HEMP ROPES.
COnON ROPES. LINE CORDS. SASH CORDS. BLIND CORDS. PACKING STRING.
TOW LINES. PATENT MACHINE MADE TWINES AND LAID CORDS.
HEMP. FLAX, AND SPUN YARN. BINDER OR REAPER TWINE.
ENQINI PACKING OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. COTTON WASTE. BRATTICE CLOTHS.
Wrighfs Special flexible Railway Wagon Covers, and Tarpaulins for all purposes.
BOAT COVERS, ETC. ENGINE AND RAILWAY LAMPS. FOG SIGNALS.
STRING CANISTERS AND TIN BOXES OF EVERY CLASS.
ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO BE ADDRESSED TO
JOHN & EDWIN WRIGHT, Limited, universe works, BIRMINGHAM.
CO
£ E
" H -5
1 i. J?
LU
Q_
Si E
E "2
ade to
thero
proije
o
a:
^ I i
si J
oil
J 1
Si S' ^
III
Index.
Adjustable Lugs for Stationary or Double Cable System
It It II II II II (Fig. 29)
Advantages of Wire Rope Driving ...
Advantages of Wire Rope for Underground Haulage ...
Aerial Cableways
Aerial Cableways, conveyance of passengers by
Angle Iron Curve (Fig. 43) in Wire Rope Driving
Angle Pulleys, Horizontal, in Wire Rope Driving
M II II II II II CFig> 4^)
Angle Station (Fig. 25) in " Uni/erse " Cableway
Angle Station for Aerial Cableway ...
Arrangement of Brake Gear for Gravity Lines in Aerial Cableway (Fig. 20)
Arrangement of Roads in Incline Haulage
ri M II II H (Fig. 65)
Assyrian carving of rope and pulley block
Assyrian wire beating
Atlantic Cable, the first
Attachment of Trams to rope in Underground Haulage
Attention to Rollers in Endless Rope Haulage
Automatic Gripper for Traction Rope (Fig. 28) in Double Cable System ...
Automatic Grips, Wright's Registered
fi II II II (Figs. 14 and 15)
Automatical Hooks (Fig. 62) Main and Tail Haulage ..
Auxiliary Roads, workings of Endless Rope I laulage . .
Axle or Shaft, length between bearing.s in Wire Rope Driving ...
Balance Plane, modification of, for series of working roads in Incline Haulage
Barrels, ro])es for long parallel
Bevel Wheels for Wire Rope Driving
•I fi II 11 (l*Jg' 4^)
Biblical first reference to rope
Birmingham, Universe Works in 1770
II II 11 in 1S96
Birmingham, Wire Rope Installation at
Bob Plane arrangement for Incline I laulage ...
Box Capples, Solid
Brake for Aerial Cableway
Brake Gear for Gravity Lines (Fig. 20) •* Universe " Cableway
II II M II (Detail Fig. 21) i- •,
Brake for Head Gear in Incline I laulage
Branch and Tail Rope Couplings (Fig. 63) Main and Tail Haulage
Branches from Main Line in Main and Tail Haulage ...
Breaking Strains of Mining Ropes ...
Sizes and Weights of Flat Rojies ...
and Weight of Crane Ropes
Breaking Strain of Lengths, Weights and Sizes of Iron Wire ...
II II Galvanized Steel Wire Hawsers ...
Bridge, length of Cable Suspension ...
II
II
II
II
PAGE
22
2211
27
41
13
14
32 B
32
32A
i8a
i6it
49
48K
6
6
10, II
43
44
221t
IS
14 J
4SA
43
31
50
56
32
32A
5
I
'J
26
50
75
16
i6it
i6<'
4S
48A
47
70, 71
7i
74
77
78
66
PAGE
Bridge width of footway n ... ... ... ... 66
«i Steel Cable Suspension ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 65
II II II M at Trentham Park ... ... ... ... ... 67
Broken Wires ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32
Buckets, Tilting or Skips (Figs. 8 to 10) " Universe" Cableway ... ... ... 14H
II M II (Figs. II to 13) •* •• ... ... ... ..• 14 "
II II M description of n n ... ... ... ... 15
Cable Steel Suspension Bridge ... ... ... ... ... ... 65
Cable, size of, in Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... ... ... 21
Cables, Steel Wire — Lloyd's requirements ... ... ... ... ... 79
Cableways, Aerial ... ... ... ... ... ... 13
Cableway "Universe" Unloading Station (Fig. i) ... ... ... ... 14A
Calculating Horse Power for Slow Speed Transmission ... ... .. 40
Capples, Solid Box ... . ... ... ... ... ... 75
Care in uncoiling ropes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 33
Carriage, Passenger Small (Fig. 33) Double Cable System ... ... ... ... 22E
II II Large (Fig. 34) m .• m .. ... ... 22E
Carrier for Coal, Ore, etc., (Fig. 31) n .1 n ... ... ... ... 22D
II for Timber, Planks, etc., (Fig. 32) Double Cable System ... ... ... 22D
Carriers, detaching from the rope ** Universe " Cableway ... ... ... 15
Carrying rope by small sheaves in Slow Speed Transmission ... ... ... 39
Carrying rope on top of trams in Endless Rope Haulage ... ... . ... 45
Carrying Pulleys, Grooved for Aerial Cableways ... ... ... ... ... 15
II II II for Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... 22
Carrying Sheaves in Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... ... ... 30
Carrying Sheaves in Wire Rope Driving (Fig. 36) for Wire Rope Driving ... ... 30A
•1 II on iron frame (Fig. 38) m • n ... ... 30B
II 1 on wooden frame (Fig. 38) n n m ... ... 30B
Carrying wheels should be on same vertical plane ... ... ... ... 58
Cars, Mining, Trams, Tubs, etc., (Figs. 50, 51 and 52) Endless Rope Haulage ... ... 42B
Carving found in Assyria ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6
Cast-iron or steel roller (Fig. 56) Endless Rope Haulage ... ... ... ... 44A
Catch, lug for steep incline (Fig. 29) Double Cable System ... ... ... ... 22B
Chains, Breaking Strains and Weights of ... ... ... ... ... ... 80
Chains for attaching trams to rope in Endless Haulage ... ... ... ... 43
Change in the rope, making the, in Main and Tail Haulage ... ... ... 48
Changing rope from one drum to another ... ... ... ... ... 58
Circumferences and corresponding diameters ... ... ... ... ... ... 72
Class of wire used for Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... ... 28
Clip, permanent (Fig. 17) ** Universe" Cableway ... ... ... ... 14K
Clip Pulley and Clutch for driving Force Pump in Endless Haulage ... ... 43
Coal, carriers for (Fig. 31) Double Cable System ... ... ... ... 22D
Coir Cable for launching s.s. " Great Ea.stern " ... ... ... ... ... 4, 5
Cold Knotted Rod for Conductors or Guide Rods ... ... ... ... ... 63
Compound Crane Ropes Specially Flexible ... ... ... ... ... ... 59
Conditions for Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... ... ... 25
Conductors or Guide Rods ... ... .. ... ... ... 61
II II II number of rods in... ... ... ... ... ... 62
Cold Knotted Drawn Steel Rod ... ... ... ... 63
Weighting of, in j>its ... ... ... ... ... 62
II II II
•1 II II
L
Conductors or Guide Rods, Sizes and Weights
•I M M number for each cage
Construction of rope, size of pulleys to suit ...
If
II
II
•I 11 for Wire Rope Driving ...
Conveyance of passengers by Aerial Cable ways
Cords, Copper, Working load of
M Picture •• ••
II Steel Wiie m m
Core Ilcmp, for wire rope ...
Cost of transport on Stationary or Double Cable System
Cost of working Main and Tail Rope I laulage
Counter Pulleys and Grooved Driving Pulleys (Fig. 45) Slow Speed Transmission
Counter Pulleys on Tension Carriage (Fig. 46) Slow Speed Transmission
M II and Grooved Pulleys for Slow Speed Transmission
Couplings, Branch and Tail Rope (Fig. 63) Main and Tail Haulage
II II Main and Tail Rope
Clip% Permanent, on Aerial Cableways
Clip Pulley, Patent, Endless Rope Haulage ...
v^A aIJC IxCJpCo •>• ••• ••• •«• ••• •«• ••■
II M Wright's Breaking Strains, &c....
Curve, Angle Iron (Fig. 43) for Wire Rope Driving ...
II •• II true, insured by small rollers
Deflection in Wire Rope Driving ...
Delivery, Intermittent delivery in Main and Tail System
Delivering Drum, self (Fig. 44) Slow Speed Transmission
II II for Slow Speed Transmission
Detail of Brake Gear, etc., for Gravity Lines (Fig. 21) '• Universe" Cableway ..
Detaching the carriers from the rope in Aerial Cableways
Diameters ot Drums for Wire Rope Driving ..,
Diameters and corresponding circumferences ...
Distance of Standards for Stationary or Double Cable System ...
I>ouble Cable or Stationary System ...
II 11 outline (Fig. 30) Double Qible System
•• I. system— General View (Fig. 26)
Double or Single Traction in Endless Rope Haulage in Underground Haulage
Drawing a rod itself a test of quality
Dressing to prevent deterioration in Wire Ropes
Dressing of Wire Ropes ...
Drives long, en intermediate stations for Wire Rope Driving
Driving Drum in Wire Rope Driving
Driving by Horse Power ** Universe " Cableway
II M Steam Engine •• .• (Fig. 22)
Driving Drum for Wire Rope Driving
II Force Pump in Endless Rope Haulage
Driving side is the lower half of rope (in Wire Rope Driving)
Driving, Slow Speed Transmission, Engine for
Drum Centres, horizontal distance between, in Wire Roj^e Driving
Drum, Driving, in Wire Rope Driving
Drum for Wire Rope Driving (Fig. 42)
PAGE
62
62
39
51
27
14
81
81
Si
51
23
46
il'ii
38c
39
48.\
4SA
16
42
59
74
32B
39
30
46
38A
39
i6c
15
27
72
22
21
22r
20A
42
61
54
33. 54
31
32
i6e
i6i>
32
43
29
40
31
32
3211
Drums for Main and Tail Haulage ...
Drum Self- Delivering (Fig. 44) Slow Speed Transmission
II M for Slow Speed Transmission
II If for Endless Rope Haulage
Drums, diameters of for Wire Rope Driving ...
II II for Main and Tail Haulage
Duke of Wellington's Rope Bridge in Spain ...
Duration or Life of a Rope
Earliest record of Wire Rope
Egyptian use of rope and pulley block
Elevators, Wire Rope for ...
End Sheave, Vertical (Fig. 60) Main and Tail Haulage
Endless Rope Haulage for Underground Haulage
M II II II ti great features of
Endless Rope in Aerial Cableway ...
«
Endless Rope or Main and Tail Rope (Fig, 58)
II II reversed as required
Engine for Endless Rope Haulage (Fig. 48) ..
II with reversing gear (Fig. 49) for Endless Rope Haulage
Engines for driving Slow Speed Transmission
Extensions worked by motors, Endless Rope Haulage
II II II Arrangement for (Fig. 58) Endless Rope Haulage
Fan Brake or Governor for Incline Haulage ...
Features of Endless Rope System ...
First Atlantic Cable
First Biblical reference to rope
Fixed Single Cable System for small requirements
Flattened Steel Mandril for Splicing
Flat Ropes, Breaking Strain of
Footway in Suspension Bridge, width of
Force Pump, Driving for Underground Haulage
Foundation, stonework at one end for Stationary or Double Cable System
Friction Gripper, Wright's Registered for Double Cable System
Galvanized Ropes not used for driving purposes
Galvanized Wire Strand ...
Gauge, Imperial Standard Wire
Gear Brake for Gravity Lines (Fig. 20) ** Universe '' Cableway...
II II II II Detail of (Fig. 21) n
Governor or Fan Brake for Incline Haulage ...
Gravity Lines on Aerial Cableway ...
•I •< Brake Gear (Fig. 20) ** Universe " Cableway ...
M II Detail of Brake Gear (Fig. 21) ••
M II for working Stationary or Double Cable System
** Great Eastern," Coir Cable for ...
Great Feature of Endless Rope System
Grip, Automatic, Wright's Registered for ** Universe" Cableway
•1 •• II -t (Figs. 14 and 15) m
Grip Pulley (Fig.24) for ** Universe " Cableway
Gripper, Automatic, for Traction Rope (Fig. 28) Double Cable System ...
Gripper, Wright's Registered Traction h n n
PAGE
• •
46
• •
38A
•
• •
39
•
• •
42
•
• •
27
..
46
• •
6
• •
52
•
• .
6
.
■ •
6
•
• •
59
•
• ■
46A
•
• •
41
•
• •
45
•
* •
14
•
• •
44R
•
• •
48
■
• ■ •
42A
•
• ■ •
42A
•
« •
40
•
• •
45
•
• • I
44B
•
* •
50
• • •
45
•
• • 4
10
•
• • «
5
•
* •
23
•
• • 1
34
■
• • «
73
• « ■
66
•
• • 4
43
•
■ » «
21
•
• •
22
•
• « ■
33
• • 1
77
• • 1
77
• • 4
i6r
• • 1
I6c
• •
50
• • *
IS
• •
i6r
■ •
i6c
• •
22
• •
4
• •
45
• •
15
• •<
14 J
• •
18
• a 1
22R
•
• •
22
z
PAGE
Grooved Ginying Pulleys by Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... 15
Grooved Driving Pulley and Counter Pulley (Fig. 45) for Slow Speed Transmission ... 38B
It II II II II II for Endless Rope Haulage ... ... 42
Grooved Narrow Supporting Pulley (Fig. 57) i> •• n ... ... ... 44A
II Pulleys and Counter Pulleys for Slow Speed Transmission ... ... ... 3Q
Guide Pulleys in Main and Tail Haulage ... ... ... ... ... ... 47
Guide Rods or Conductors ... ... ... ... ... ... 61
•I II M Knotted Cold Drawn Steel Rod ... ... ... 63
Guide Rollers fixed to roof timbers Main and Tail Haulage ... ... ... ... 47
Guide Ropes with wrought iron trestle (Fig. 27) Double Cable System ... ... ... 22A
Haulage, Endless Rope ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41
Haulage, Incline ... ... ... ... ... ... 48
Haulage, Main and Tail Rope ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 45
Haulage, Underground ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41
Hawsers, Breaking Strains and Weights of Galvanized Steel Wire ... .. ... 78
Hawsers, Patent Nippers for ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79
Hawsers, Reel for ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79
Hawsers, Winch for ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79
Headgear, Brake for Incline Haulage ... ... ... ... ... 48
Hemp Cores for Wire Ropes ... ... ... ... ... ... 51
High Speed Transmission .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25
Historical sketch of Wire Rope ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5
Hobt, Water Balance, in Incline Haulage ... ... .. ... ... ... 49
Holding down Pulleys (Fig. 7) ** Universe" Cableway ... ... 14G
Holding down Pulleys for Aerial (Hableways . . ... ... ... ... .. 15
Hooks, Automatical (Fig. 62) Main and Tail Haulage ... ... ... ... 48A
Hooks, Knock off (Fig. 61) n n •• ... ... ... ... 48A
Hooks, Knock off n •• n ... ... ... ... 47
Horizontal End Sheave (Fig. 59) i« •• •! ... ... ... 46A
Horizontal Angle Pulleys (Fig. 40) for Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... 32A
Horizontal Angle Pulleys in Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... 32
Horizontal distance between drum centres in Wire Rope Driving ... ... 31
Horse Power driving ** Universe" Cableway (Fig. 23) ... ... ... ... i6k
Horse Power transmitted by Wire Ropes (Table) ... ... ... 29
II II II ti H II Slow Speed Transmission ... ... 40
Imperial Standard Wire Gauge ... ... .. ... ... 77
Incline Haulage ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 48
Incline Haulage, arrangement of road ... ... ... ... ... ... 49
Incline in &vour or against load ... .. ... ... ... ... 4S
Incline Road (Fig. 66) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 48B
Incline Ropes, stress on ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50
Inclines, Table of, shewing stress on ropes ... ... ... ... ... ... 57
Information required when ordering ropes ... ... ... ... ... 54
Installation at Birmingham, Wire Rope (Fig. 35) ... ... ... ... ... 24
Intermediate points where power is taken in Slow Speed Transmission . . ... ... 38
Intermediate stations for long drives in Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... 31
Intermediate transmitting station (Fig. 39) .• n ... ... 30c
Intermittent system of delivery in Main and Tail Rope Haulage ... ... ... 46
Internally Self-oiling Ropes, Wrighl*s ... .. ... ... ... ^i
Iron Corvey Angle (Fig. 43) in Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... ... 32B
Iron Frame, carrying sheaveson (Fig. 38) in Wire Rope Driving
Iron Wire, Breaking Strains, Lengths, Sizes and Weights
Journey or set, in Main and Tail Rope Haulage
Kinking rope, avoid
Knock off Hooks (Fig. 61) Main and Tail Haulage ..
Knock off Hooks m h h
Knowle & Sons, Tottingham Mills, ** Universe" Cableway
I^ng lay principle
Large Passenger Carriage (Fig. 34) Double Cable System
Large rigid rope for Slow Speed Transmission
Lay of wires and strands in ratio to diameter of drum ...
Length of lay of wires and strands in ratio of diameter of drum ...
Length of axle or shaft between beatings in Wire Rope Driving
Length of Steel Cable Suspension Bridge ...
Lengths, sizes, weights and breaking strains of iron wire
Life or duration of a rope ...
Light and elegant Steel Cable Suspension Bridge
Lifts, wire ropes for
Line, Gravity for working Stationary or Double Cable System ...
Lines, Gravity ** Universe " Cableway
Lloyd's requirements for Cables, Hawsers, &c.
Loads, working, of Winding Ropes .
Long transmissions by Slow Speed Transmission
Long Tapered Mandril for Splicing
Loop for passing place in Incline Haulage...
Lower half of rope is the leading or driving side
Lloyd's requirements for Steel Wire Cables and Hawsers
Lugs, adjustable for Stationary or Double Cable System
Lug Catch for steep inclines (Fig. 29) Double Cable System
Main and Tail Rope Haulage
Main and Tail Rope or ** Endless Rope " System (Fig. 58)
Main and Tail Rope Haulage
Main and Tail Rope Rollers
Main line branches in Main and Tail Haulage
Mandril, Long Tapered for splicing. . .
II Flattened Steel »
Maximum and minimum span in Wire Rope Driving ...
Method of Splicing
Methods for working auxiliary roads in Underground Haulage ..
Millwall, Universe Works in 1896 ..
Mining Trams, Tubs, Cars (Figs. 50, 51 and 52) Endless Rope Haulage
Mining Wire Ropes, breaking strains of
Mode of construction of Steel Cable Suspension Bridge
Mode of working the Main and Tail System
Modification of the Balance Plane for a series of working roads in Incline
Motor, driving for Aerial Cableway
Motors, extensions worked by Fndless Rope Haulage ..
Narrow grooved supporting pulley (Fig. 57) for Endless Rope Haulage ...
Nippers, Patent for Hawsers
Number of Guide Rods for each Cage
PAGE
• • •
• • •
30B
• • •
• • •
77
• •
• • ■
46
• • •
• • •
60
• •
• • •
48A
• ■ •
• • •
47
• •
• • •
19
• • •
• • •
52
• • •
• « •
22 E
• • •
• « •
39
• • •
• • •
SI
• ■ •
• • •
5«
• • •
• • ■
31
• •
66
• • •
• •
77
• ■ •
• • •
52
• ■
• • •
65
• • •
• • «
59
■ •
• • •
22
• • •
• « *
15
• • •
• • •
79
• • •
• ■ ■
73
• • •
• • •
3«
* • •
• • a
34
• ••
• • •
49
• • •
■ • «
29
• * •
• • •
79
• • •
• • ■
22
• •
• • •
22B
« • «
• • •
45
• • •
• ■ •
44B
« ■ •
* t
45
• • •
• • •
47
« • •
• • •
47
• ■ •
• • •
34
■ • •
• • •
34
• • •
• • •
3f>
• • •
• ■ ■
35 to 38
• • •
• • •
43
• • •
• • •
2A
• • •
• • •
42K
• • •
• 1
70. 71
• • •
• • *
65
• ■ •
• • •
47
age
• • •
50
• «
• • •
17
• • •
• • •
45
• • ■
• ■ •
44A
• •
■ • •
79
«••
• ••
62
Number of Rods in a Conductor
Number of Ropes for Lifts or Elevators
Oil, Solid for Rollers for Endless Rope Haulage
Ore, carrier for (Fig. 31) Double Cable System
Outbye and inbye trips in Main and Tail Haulage
Outline (Fig. 30) Double Cable System
Output readily increased in Endless Haulage
Passenger Carriage, large (Fig. 34) Double Cable System
•• •! small (Fig. 33) «• •! ••
Passengers by Stationary or Double Cable System
Passenger Carriages on Stationary or Double Cable .System
Passengers, conveyance of, by Aerial Cable ways
Passing place, or loop, in Endless Rope Haulage
Parallel Stationary Cables in Stationary or Double Cable System
Patent Nippers for Hawsers
Permanent Clips on Aerial Cableways
•• If (Fig. 17) i>
Picture Cord, working loads of
Plain Saddle (Fig. 16) "Universe" Cableway
Pliers for Splicing
Pompeii, Wire Rope excavated at ...
Principles of Wire Rope Driving System
Pulley Grip (Fig. 24) " Universe " Cableway
Pulley, Narrow grooved supporting (Fig. 57) Endless Rope Haulage
Pulley, Patent Clip, Endless Rope Haulage
Pulley, Tension, for Aerial Cableway
Pulleys, Carrying for Stationary or Double Cable System ... ^
Pulleys, Counter on Tension Carriage (Fig. 46) Slow Speed Transmission
Pulleys, grooved carrying for Aerial Cableways
Pulleys, grooved and Counter Pulleys for Slow Speed Transmission
II 11 •! II 11 for Endless Rope Haulage
Pulleys, grooved and Driving and Counter Pulleys (Fig. 45) Slow Speed Transmission
Pulley, Holding down (Fig. 7) "Universe" Cableway
Pulleys, Holding down for Aerial Cableway n
Pulleys, Horizontal Angle (Fig. 40) for Wire Hope Driving
Pulleys, size of, for Slow Speed Transmission..
Pulleys should be of large size
Pulleys, Screw Tension (Fig. 19) ** Universe " Cableway
Pulleys, Tension, for Wire Rope Driving ...
Pulleys, Weight Tension (Fig. 18) '* Universe" Cableway ...
Pump, Driving Force, in Endless Rope Haulage
Qualities of wire used for wire ropes
Quality and temper of wire for ropes
Ratio of length of lay of wires and strands to diameter of drum ...
Ratio between diameter of pulleys and ropes in Wire Rope Driving
Recapping to\^s periodically
Rectangular wood trestle for *' Universe" Cablew.iy (Fig. 4) ...
Reel for Hawsers
Registered Automatic Grips (Wright's) ** Universe" Cableway ...
II Friction Gripper m Stationary or Double Cable System
PAGE
62
60
44
221)
47
22c
45
22B
22R
21
22
14
43
21
79
16
14K
81
14K
34
8.9
26
18
44A
42
16
22
38c
'5
39
42
38B
14G
15
32A
39
56
I 6a
3'
I 6a
43
II
53
51
28
55
141)
79
15
22
•I
II
Registered Table of Breaking Strains of Wire Ropes (Wright's)
Reversing Gear, engine with (Fig. 49) Endless Rope Haulage ...
II M for Endless Rope Haulage ...
Roads, arrangement of, in Incline Haulage (Fig. 65) ...
M II description (Incline Haulage)
Roads, Incline f Fig. 66) ...
Rolled Guide Rods or Conductors liable to crack
Rollers, cast-iron or steel (Fig. 56) Endless Rope Haulage
for Tail and Main Ropes ...
require attention ...
Self-lubricating in Endless Rope Haulage
II with iron flange (Fig. 54) n n
II with iron or steel spindle (Fig. 53) n
Roller, Wrought Iron, with wood centre (Fig. 55) Endless Rope Haulage
Rope carried on top of trams in Endless Rope Haulage
Rope, construction of (Strands, Wire, etc.) ...
Rope not to be overworked
Ixope, 1 ne ... ... ... ...
Ropes, constructions of, for Wire Rope Diiving
Ropes for long parallel barrels
Round Fir Pole Trestle (Fig. 5) ** Universe " Cable way
Rule for ascertaining Horse Power transmitted in Wire Rope Driving
Rule for calculating Horse Power for Slow Speed Transmission
Saddle, Plain (Fig. 16) ** Universe" Cableway
Saddles for Aerial Cable way
Screw Tension Pulley (Fig, 19) *• Universe** Cableway
Security of wire ropes over chains, for Cranes, &c.
Self- Delivering Drum (Fig. 44) for Slow Speed Transmission ...
It 11 M for Slow Speed Transmission ...
It M II for Underground Haulage
Self Lubricating Wheel for Underground Haulage ...
Self Lubricating Rollers n n
Self Oiling Ropes, Wright's Internally
Separate ropes used in Main and Tail Haulage
Seven stranded wire ropes...
Set or Journey on Main and Tail Haulage
Shaft or Axle, length of, in Wire Rope Driving
Shaped wire strands unsatisfactory ...
Shaped wires not recommended
Sheave and Horizontal (Fig. 59) in Main and Tail Haulage
Sheave, Carrying (Fig. 36) for Wire Rope Driving
«i M in Wire Rope Driving
•' •• on iron frame (Fig. 38) in Wire Rope Driving
It It on wooden frame (Fig. 37) n m •» ...
Sheave, Vertical End (Fig. 60) Main and Tail Haulage
Sheaves, small lor carrying rope, Slow Speed Transmission
Side roads or workings in Endless Rope Haulage
Side roads or workings in Main and Tail Haulage
Single Fixed Cable System for smaller requirements ...
Single or Double tracks in Endless Rope Haulage in Underground Haulage
PAGE
70, 71
42A
48B
49
48B
61
44A
47
44
44
44A
44A
44A
45
SI
55
51
27» 32
56
14E
29
40
14K
15
i6a
59
38A
39
42
43
44
51
45
52
46
31
58
56
46A
30\
30
30B
30B
46A
39
43
46
23
42
PAGE
Size of Cables for Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... ... ... 21
Sizes of Pulleys to suit construction of ropes ... ... ... ... 39
Sizes, Weights and Breaking Strains of Flat Wire Mining Ropes ... ... 73
Sizes, Weights and Breaking Strains of Wire Ropes ... ... ... ... 70, 71
II II 11 II of Crane Ropes ... .. ... ... ... 74
Sizes and Construction of Guide Rods or Conductors ... ... ... ... ... 62
•I Galvanised Steel Wire Hawsers ... ... ... ... ... 78
II iH^Jftl V « X« W ••• ■•« ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •■ «» MM
Skips or Tilting Buckets ** Universe " Cableway ... ... ... ... ... 15
II M M (Figs. 8 to 10) ** Universe" Cableway ... ... 14H
II II M (Figs. II to 13) M .. ... ... ... 141
Slow Speed Transmission ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3^
Slack Side, tension on Slow Speed Tension ... ... ... ... ... ... 39
SiAall Passenger Carriage (Fig. 33) Double Cable System ... ... ... ... 22E
Small Rollers to ensure true curve in Slow Speed Transmission ... ... 39
Small Sheaves for carrying rope m h h ... ... ... 39
Solid Box Capples ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75
Solid Oil, for Rollers in Endless Rope Haulage ... ... ... ... ... 44
Span, maximum and minimum in Wire Rope Driving .. ... ... ... ... 30
Specially Flexible Compound Crane Rope ... ... ... ... ... ... 59
Speed for Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... ... 27
M High Transmission on ... ... ... ... ... .., ... 25
•I In Underground Haulage ... ... ... ... ... ... 42
Speed on Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... ... 16
Speed on Main and Tail Haulage ... ... ... ... ... 46
11 on Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... ... ... 21, 23
Spindle, iron or steel with wood roller (Fig. 53) Endless Rope Haulage... ... ... 44A
Splicing Pliers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34
•I Full instructions as to ... ... ... ... ... ... 33 to 38
Standard Imperial Wire Gauge ... ... ... ... ... ... 77
Standard width of footway on suspension bridge ... ... ... ... ... 66
Standards for Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... ... 22
Stations, intermediate, for long drives in Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... 31
Stations, angle, for Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... ... ... 17
Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... ... ... ... 21
II M .1 M General View (Fig. 26) ... ... ... ... 20A
Steam Engine Driving "Universe" Cableway (Fig. 22) Unloading Station ... ... i6d
Steep Inclines, Lug Catch for (Fig. 29) Double Cable System ... ... ... 22B
Steel Cable Suspension Bridge ... ... ... ... ... ... 65
Steel Cable Suspension Bridge at Trentham Park ... ... ... ... ... 67
Steel roller or cast-iron (Fig. 56.) Endless Rope Haulage ... ... ... ... 44A
Steel Wire Cables and Hawsers (Lloyd's requirements) ... ... ... 79
Stonework foundation for end in Stationar}* or Double Cable System ... ... ... 21
Storing of Wire Ropes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 58
Straight line installation requires all pulleys to be the same vertical plane ... 31
Strand, Galvanized Wire ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 77
Stress on Incline Ropes— Table showing ... ... ... ... 57
Supporting Pulley, narrow grooved (Fig. 57) Endless Rope Haulage .. ... ... 44A
Supports Main and Tail Rope (Fig. 64) ... ... ... ... ... ... 48B
Supports or Standards for Aerial Cablewa)^ ... ... ... ... ... 14
PACE
Suspension Bridge, Steel Cable
■ • •
• • •
6s
II
II at Trentham Park
• • •
67
Tables of Breaking Strains of Chains
• • •
80
II
II 11 Crane Ropes...
• • •
74
II
II II Flat Ropes ...
• • •
73
II
II II Iron Wire
• • •
77
II
Breaking Strains of Mining Ropes
• • •
... 70, 71
II
II II Patent Steel Wire Galvanized Hawsers...
• • •
78
II
Cables and Hawsers - Lloyd's requirements
• • •
• • •
79
II
Conductors or Guide Rods, sizes and weights
• • •
• ■ •
62
It
Crane Ropes, Breaking Strains, and weights
• • •
• • •
74
II
Copper Cords, Steel Wire Cord, Picture Cord, working
loads
• • •
81
II
Corresponding circumferences and diameters
• • •
• • •
72
II
Flat Ropes, sizes, weights, breaking strains
• ■ •
• • «
73
II
Galvanized Steel Wire Hawsers, breaking strains, weights.
etc.
• • ■
78
ii
II Wire Strand ...
• • •
■ « •
n
»i
Gauge — Imperial Standard Wire ...
• • ■
> • •
77
11
Horse Power transmitted by Wire Rope ...
« • •
• • •
29
If
Hawsers, Galvanized Steel Wire, breaking strains, etc.
• •
• • •
78
II
II and Cables — Lloyd's requirements
• • •
• • •
79
II
Inclines showing stress on rop^ ...
• » •
« • «
57
II
Imperial Standard Wire Gauge ...
■ • •
• • •
77
II
Iron Wire, sizes, weights, lengths and breaking strains
• • •
• •
77
•1
Lloyd's requirements for Cables and Hawsers
• ■ «
• « •
79
II
Loads (working) of Winding Ropes
• • •
• • •
73
M
Mining Ropes — Breaking strains and weights
• • •
• ■ •
... 70, 71
II
Picture Cords, working loads
• • •
• •
81
• 1
Sizes and weights of Conductors of Guide Rods
• ■ «
• • •
62
M
II M and Breaking strains of Iron Wire
• • •
77
II
Steel Wire Cord — working loads ...
...
• • «
81
II
Strand, Galvanized Wire ...
• • •
77
II
Stress on ropes on inclines
. .
* • •
57
II
Weights of Conductors ...
...
• •
62
II
Weights of Chains
• ■ •
80
M
«• Crane Ropes ...
• • •
• •
74
II
•1 Flat Ropes ...
...
• • •
7Z
II
II Galvanized Steel Hawsers
• • •
• ■ •
78
II
M Iron Wire
• • •
77
II
II Mining Ropes
• • •
» • •
... 70, 71
Table of "Wire Gauge — Imperial Standard ...
• • •
• • «
77
II
Working load of Copper Cords ...
■ • •
• • •
81
II
II . Picture Cord
• •
• • «
81
II
II •• Steel Wire Cord
■ • •
81
II
•• M Mining Winding Ropes ...
73
Tail and Branch Rope Couplings (Fig. 63) Main and Tail Haulage
• • •
• • •
48 A
Tail and Main Rope Roller
« • •
47
Tapered,
Mandril long for splicing
...
■ ■ •
34
Temper
and quality of wire
• • ■
• • «
53
Tensile and Torsion tests of wire ..
• • •
• ■ •
53
Tensile breaking strains of Chains ...
• • •
«M
80
M
tl
PAGE
Tension arrangement for Endless Rope Haulage in Underground Haulage ... 42
Tension Carriage, Counter Pulley on (Fig. 46) Slow Speed Transmission... 38c
Tension Contrivance, Slow Speed Transmission (Fig. 47) ... ... ... ... 38D
Tension in slack side adjusted in Slow Speed Transmission ... ... ... ... 39
Tensions of Wire in Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... ... 28
Tension Pulley for Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... ... ... 16
II II (Weight) H (Fig. x8) for Aerial Cableway ... ... ... i6a
•f II (Screw) II (Fig. 19) n m ... ... ... i6a
II Pulleys for Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... ... ... 31
Weight for Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... 21
Working on rope in Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... ... 22
Tilting Buckets or Skips (Figs. 8, 9 and 10) Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... 14H
II If n (Figs. II, 12 and 13) Universe (Tableway ... .. ... 141
l« M H M II ... ... ... 15
Timber and planks carrier (Fig. 32) Double Cable System ... ... ... ... 22D
Torsion and Tensile tests of wire ... ... ... ... ... ... 53
Tottingham Mills, Universe Cableway ... ... ... ... 19
Traction Rope, Automatic Gripper (Fig. 28) Double Cable System ... ... 22B
Transmitting Station, intermediate (Fig. 39) for Wire Rope Driving ... ... ... 30c
Trips, out-bye and in-bye in Main and Tail Haulage ... ... ... ... 47
Transmitting Power by Aerial Cableway ... ... ... 16
Transport, cost on Stationary or Double Cable System ... ... ... 23
Trentham Park, Steel Wire Cable Suspension Bridge ... ... ... ... 67
Trestle, Rectangular Wood (Fig. 4) Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... ... 14D
It Round Fir (Fig. 5) .- .. ... ... ... ... ... 14E
Tubular (Fig. 3) 1. .. ... ... .. .. ... 14c
Wood (Fig. 6) I. .. ... ... ... ... ... 14F
Trestle, Wrought Iron (Fig. 2) m m ... ... ... ... 14B
Tubs, Mining, Trams aud Cars (Figs. 50, 51, 52) Endless Rope Haulage ... ... 42B
Tubular Iron Trestle (Fig. 3) for Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... 14c
Turnouts for Fixed Single Cable System ... ... ... ... ... ... 23
Twisted Wire Rope eighteen centuries ago ...
Uncoiling ropes, care in ... ... ... ... ... ... ^^, 58
Underground Haulage ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41
Uniformity obtained in wire by tensile and torsion tests ... ... ... ... 53
" Universe ** system of Aerial Cableways ... ... ... ... ... ... 14
Universe Works, Birmingham, in 1770 ... ... ... ... ... ... i
n •• It 1896 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2
M II Millwall in 1896 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2A
Unloading Station ** Universe" Cableway (Fig. i) ... ... ... ... ... 14A
Variations in load in Endless Rope Haulage ... ... ... ... 42
Various rollers for rope in n n ... ... ... ... ... 43
Vertical Driving by wire rope not suitable ... ... ... ... ... ... 31
Vertical End Sheave (Fig. 60) Main and Tail Haulage ... ... .. ... 46 A
Water Balance in Incline Haulage... ... .. ... ... .. ... 48
Water Balance Hoist for iron works, &c. .. ... ... ... ... ... 49
Weight carried on Aerial Cableway ... ... ... ... ... ... 15
11 Steel Cable Suspension Bridge capable of ... ... ... ... ... 66
Weight of Conductors or Guide Rods ... ... ... ... ... ... 62
" v^iisiiiis ... «. .. ... ... ... ... ... 00
II
II
M
II
It
II
II
II
II
• I
Weight of Crane Ropes ...
II Flat Ropes
M Galvanized Steel Wire Hawsers ...
II Iron Wife
Weight of Mining Ropei...
Weight Tensile Pulley (Fig. i8) for Aerial Cableway
II Tension for Stationary or Double Cable System
Weighting of Conductors or Guide Rods
Wheels, Bevel for Wire Rope Driving
■I II (Fig. 4O "
Wheels, Self Lubricating, for Endless Rope Haulage...
Winch for Hawsers
Winding Ropes — Working loads
Wire Beating by Assyrians
Wire Gauge — Imperial Standard
Wire used for Wire Ropes
Wire used for Wire Rope Driving ...
Wire Rope for Lifts
Wire Rope, 22 inch circumference ...
for Cranes
for Driving
from Pompeii ...
installation at Birmingham (Fig. 35)
lor i^iiis ... ... .. ... «.•
Wire Strand, Galvanized ...
Wires, broken
Wood Trestle for Aeriel Cableway (Fig. 6) ...
Wooden Frame, carrying sheaves on (Fig. 37) for Wire Rope Driving
Wood Roller with iron or steel spindle (Fig. 53) Endless Rope Haulage
•I II with iron flange (Fig. 54) h h i
Working auxiliary roads in Endless Rope Haulage ...
Working loads of Copper Cords
Picture Cords
Steel Wire Cord...
Mining Winding Ropes ..
Working Tension Stationary or Double Cable System
Worralls T. & M. (Salford) "Universe" Cableway ...
Wright's Internally Self Oiling Ropes
Registered Automatic Grips
Breaking Strains of Wire Ropes
Friction Grippers
Universe Works, Birmingham, in 1770
II II m 1896
II Millwall, in 1896
Patent Atlantic Cable, The first ...
Coir Rope for launching s.s. "Great Eastern''
22 inch circumference Wire Rope ...
Wrought Iron Roller with wood centre (Fig. 55) Endless Rope Haulage
It M Trestle (Fig. 2) for Aerial Cableway ..
It II It with Guy Ropes for Doable Cable S>'stem (Fig. 27)
•I
If
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
PI
II
II
II
70
PAGE
74
73
78
77
71
I 6a
21
62
3*
32A
43
79
73
6
77
II
28
59
6, 7
59
25
8, 9
26A
59
77
32
14F
30B
44A
44A
43
81
81
81
73
22
20
51
15
70, 71
22
I
2
2A
10
4
7
44A
14B
22A